{"id":4404,"date":"2014-12-08T13:33:39","date_gmt":"2014-12-08T12:33:39","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/astd.eu\/?p=4404"},"modified":"2014-12-08T13:33:39","modified_gmt":"2014-12-08T12:33:39","slug":"florida-i-dil-2","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/astd.eu\/pl\/florida-i-dil-2\/","title":{"rendered":"Florida I – d\u00edl 2."},"content":{"rendered":"

MUDr. David Skoumal \u2013\u00a0 ASTD Training Director<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Florida \u2013 Historie jeskynn\u00edho pot\u00e1p\u011bn\u00ed v USA<\/strong>
\n \u010c\u00e1st druh\u00e1: L\u00e9ta 1950 \u2013 1970<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

V\u00a0roce 1960 dal\u0161\u00ed v\u00fdznamn\u00fd jeskynn\u00ed pot\u00e1p\u011b\u010d John Harper<\/strong> spole\u010dn\u011b s\u00a0Bobem Tuckerem,Ronem Howardem a Hoytem Robertsem objevuj\u00ed fos\u00edlie mastodonta \u2013 kosti a \u010delisti na dn\u011b Hornsby Spring nedaleko mal\u00e9ho m\u011bste\u010dka High Springs.Tito pot\u00e1p\u011b\u010di jako prvn\u00ed za\u010d\u00ednaj\u00ed pou\u017e\u00edvat sv\u011btla s\u00a0NiCd akumul\u00e1tory.<\/p>\n

D\u00edky \u010dlenitosti floridsk\u00e9ho aquiferu pot\u00e1pe\u010di za\u010d\u00ednaj\u00ed prov\u00e1d\u011bt tzv. traverz \u2013 po zano\u0159en\u00ed do jednoho v\u00fdv\u011bru se vyno\u0159\u00ed v\u00a0druh\u00e9m. Nap\u0159\u00edklad 175stop (53m) dlouh\u00fd traverz z\u00a0Devil\u00b4s Eye<\/p>\n

( \u010e\u00e1blova oka) do Devil\u00b4s Ear(\u010e\u00e1blova ucha). Grace Zinn byla prvn\u00ed \u017eenou, kter\u00e1 v\u00a0roce 1961 provedla traverz na vzd\u00e1lenost 450 stop (cca 135m) s max.hloubkou 30m z\u00a0Manatee Spring do Catfish Hotel.<\/p>\n

V\u00a0roce 1962 John Harper p\u0159ekon\u00e1v\u00e1 v\u00a0Hornsby Spring prvn\u00edch d\u00e9lkov\u00fdch 1000 stop ( 305m) a koncem roku ustanovuje sv\u011btov\u00fd rekord v\u00a0traversu na vzd\u00e1lenost 2109 stop (643m)<\/p>\n

Zat\u00edm je v\u00a0plenk\u00e1ch filosofie bezpe\u010dn\u00e9ho jeskynn\u00edho pot\u00e1p\u011bn\u00ed, v\u0161e je ve v\u00fdvoji.<\/p>\n

Doch\u00e1z\u00ed , tak jako v\u00a0budoucnu, k\u00a0\u00famrt\u00edm v\u00a0zatopen\u00fdch jeskyn\u00edch \u2013 v\u00a0posledn\u00edch 4 letech cca 48 \u00famrt\u00ed. Proto 21.5. 1964 organizuje David Desautels<\/strong> prvn\u00ed semin\u00e1\u0159 jeskynn\u00edho pot\u00e1p\u011bn\u00ed.Hlavn\u00edm bodem byla anal\u00fdza t\u011bchto \u00famrt\u00ed. Jednou z\u00a0t\u011bchto nehod bylo tak\u00e9 \u00famrt\u00ed Conrada Limbaugha v\u00a0b\u0159eznu 1960 v\u00a0jeskyni Port Miou Cassis, kter\u00fd se zde pot\u00e1p\u011bl bez vod\u00edc\u00ed \u0161\u0148\u016fry!!!!<\/p>\n

Na trhu se objevuj\u00ed dvoustup\u0148ov\u00e9 regul\u00e1tory s\u00a0odd\u011blenou \u00fastenkou<\/strong>, kter\u00e9 se jev\u00ed daleko vhodn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed pro jeskyn\u011b, ne\u017e modely s\u00a0vrapov\u00fdmi hadicemi a objevuj\u00ed se prvn\u00ed vodot\u011bsn\u00e9 manometry<\/strong>.Hal Watts<\/strong> pou\u017eije roku 1965 jako prvn\u00ed z\u00e1lo\u017en\u00ed druh\u00fd stupe\u0148 regul\u00e1toru \u2013Octopus.<\/strong><\/p>\n

V\u00a0roce 1966 John Harper se pot\u00e1p\u00ed spole\u010dn\u011b s\u00a0Hal Watsem v\u00a0lokalit\u011b Zuber Sink ( 40 Fathom Grotto), zakl\u00e1daj\u00ed klub Forty Fathom Scubapros.Pokra\u010duj\u00ed v\u00a0explorac\u00edch v\u00fdznamn\u00e9 lokality Eagle\u00b4s Nest pobl\u00ed\u017e Weeki Wachee. Eagle\u00b4s Nest je v\u00a0sou\u010dasn\u00e9 dob\u011b nejobl\u00edben\u011bj\u0161\u00ed floridsk\u00e1 lokalita Toma Mounta ( v\u00fdkonn\u00fd \u0159editel IANTD a historicky jeden z\u00a0nejv\u00fdznamn\u011bj\u0161\u00edch jeskynn\u00edch pot\u00e1p\u011b\u010d\u016f sv\u011bta).<\/p>\n

O rok pozd\u011bji vytv\u00e1\u0159\u00ed John Harper<\/strong> spole\u010dn\u011b s\u00a0Randym Hyltonem<\/strong> nejprogresivn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed dvojici jeskynn\u00edch pot\u00e1p\u011b\u010d\u016f sv\u00e9 doby a jsou pr\u00e1vem pova\u017eov\u00e1ni za nejlep\u0161\u00ed floridsk\u00e9 jeskynn\u00ed pot\u00e1p\u011b\u010de 60.let.\u00a0 Prodlu\u017euj\u00ed explorace v\u00a0Hornsby Spring a Eagle\u00b4s Nest. V\u00a0Little River objevuj\u00ed \u010d\u00e1st zvanou Florida Room ve vzd\u00e1lenosti 1130 stop ( 345m) , max.hloubka 30m , d\u00e1le v\u00a0roce 1969 vytv\u00e1\u0159ej\u00ed nov\u00fd sv\u011btov\u00fd rekord v\u00a0d\u00e9lce pr\u016fniku \u2013 v Madison Blue Springs do vzd\u00e1lenosti 1800 stop ( 550m),max.hloubka 25m a o rok pozd\u011bji jako prvn\u00ed provedou rekordn\u00ed traverz mezi Orange Grove Sink a Paecock I Spring v\u00a0d\u00e9lce 4693stop (1430m),max.hloubka 30m.<\/p>\n

Soudob\u00e1 technika zahrnuje p\u0159\u00edstroj 2x 72cuft (2 x10lt). L\u00e1hve jsou propojeny jednoduchou propojkou se t\u0159meny a maj\u00ed uprost\u0159ed v\u00fdstup pro 1 regul\u00e1tor.Vzhledem k\u00a0d\u00e9lce pobytu pod vodou za\u010d\u00ednaj\u00ed pot\u00e1p\u011b\u010di pou\u017e\u00edvat mokr\u00e9 obleky.Probl\u00e9mem za\u010d\u00edn\u00e1 b\u00fdt kompenzace vztlaku.<\/p>\n

V t\u00e9 dob\u011b v\u0161ak se v\u0161ak kompenz\u00e1tory vztlaku<\/strong> je\u0161t\u011b komer\u010dn\u011b nevyr\u00e1b\u011bj\u00ed a pot\u00e1p\u011b\u010di to \u0159e\u0161\u00ed pomoci pr\u00e1zdn\u00fdch plastov\u00fdch lahv\u00ed a kanystr\u016f ( Clorox bottle, Jerry can ) o objemu a\u017e 5 gallon\u016f ( 19lt),kter\u00e9 dofukuj\u00ed a vypou\u0161t\u011bj\u00ed podle pot\u0159eby.V\u011bt\u0161inou jsou kanystry p\u0159ipevn\u011bny \u0161\u0148\u016frou vzadu na p\u0159\u00edstroji.Sv\u00edtilny do ruky brzy nahrad\u00ed odd\u011blen\u00e9 hlavy a akumul\u00e1tory, vych\u00e1zej\u00edc\u00ed z\u00a0motocykolov\u00fdch sv\u011btel.Za tuto koncepci vd\u011b\u010d\u00edme dal\u0161\u00edmu z\u00a0v\u00fdznamn\u00fdch jeskynn\u00edch pot\u00e1p\u011b\u010d\u016f \u2013 Franku Martzovi<\/strong>. Vytv\u00e1\u0159\u00ed s\u00a0Tomem Mountem<\/strong> dal\u0161\u00ed \u00fasp\u011b\u0161nou dvojici \u2013 jak p\u0159i jeskynn\u00edch explorac\u00edch, tak i p\u0159i hloubkov\u00fdch sestupech \u2013 v\u00a0roce 1965 sestoup\u00ed se vzuchem do hloubky 360 stop \u2013 110m.<\/p>\n

Ve stejnou dobu vstupuje na sc\u00e9nu jeden z\u00a0nejv\u00fdznamn\u011bj\u0161\u00edch jeskynn\u00edch pot\u00e1p\u011b\u010d\u016f v\u0161ech dob a to Sheck Exley<\/strong>, kter\u00fd s\u00a0pot\u00e1p\u011bn\u00edm v\u00a0jeskyn\u00edch za\u010dal v\u00a0roce 1966 spole\u010dn\u011b s\u00a0Joe Prosserem<\/strong>, v\u00a0roce 1968 zakl\u00e1d\u00e1 prvn\u00ed speleopot\u00e1p\u011b\u010dskou skupinu Dixie Cavern Kings, kter\u00e1 nen\u00ed omezena p\u016fsobnost\u00ed pouze na Florid\u011b a v\u00a0roce 1969 napsal prvn\u00ed manu\u00e1l jeskynn\u00edho pot\u00e1p\u011bn\u00ed \u201eDixie Cavern Kings Cave Diving Manual\u201c.<\/p>\n

Posunuj\u00ed se i hloubkov\u00e9 limity v jeskyn\u00edch \u2013 Sheck v\u00a0roce 1967 v\u00a0Zuber Sink ( 40 Fathom Grotto) dosahuje s\u00a0Carlem Fowlerem hloubky 227 stop \u2013 69m , John Harper a Hal Watts dosahuj\u00ed dna v\u00a0Morrison Spring v\u00a0hloubce 240 stop \u2013 73m .Ka\u017ed\u00fd popisuje velmi barvit\u011b p\u0159\u00edznaky hloubkov\u00e9ho opojen\u00ed \u2013 dus\u00edkov\u00e9 nark\u00f3zy. S\u00a0t\u00edmto probl\u00e9mem se Sheck sna\u017e\u00ed vyrovnat cvi\u010den\u00edm, bojov\u00fdmi sporty, meditac\u00ed\u2026 Hal Watts je pova\u017eov\u00e1n za hlavn\u00edho odborn\u00edka na hloubkov\u00e9 ponory a vytv\u00e1\u0159\u00ed syst\u00e9m postupn\u00e9 hloubkov\u00e9 adaptace opakovan\u00fdmi sestupy se zv\u011bt\u0161uj\u00edc\u00ed se hloubkou a to v\u00a0kr\u00e1tk\u00fdch intervalech po sob\u011b. V\u00a0roce 1967 dosahuje se vzduchem hloubky 390stop \u2013 119m.Sheck a Joe Prosser se v\u00a0roce 1967 setk\u00e1vaj\u00ed s\u00a0Tomem Mountem, kter\u00fd m\u011bl v\u00a0t\u00e9 dob\u011b nejv\u00edc jeskynn\u00edch ponor\u016f na sv\u011bt\u011b a Tom jim vypr\u00e1v\u00ed o Eagle\u00b4s Nest, o jeskyni , kde se m\u016f\u017ee\u0161 pot\u00e1p\u011bt v\u00a0tunelu, kter\u00fd jde tak hluboko, jak chce\u0161 ty s\u00e1m. Nastal probl\u00e9m, \u017ee Sheck hledal nov\u00e9ho par\u0165\u00e1ka pro hloubky \u2013 jedin\u00ed, kte\u0159\u00ed by d\u00e1le v\u00a0t\u00e9 dob\u011b p\u0159ipadali v\u00a0\u00favahu, byli Hal Watts,John Harper a Frank Martz.Ale osobn\u011b z\u00a0nich nikoho neznal, proto vyrazil k\u00a0Nest s\u00e1m a dne 11.5. 1969 dosahuje hloubky 292 stop \u2013 89m a d\u00e9lky pr\u016fniku 700 stop \u2013 213m.Ve sv\u00e9m dosud nejdel\u0161\u00edm sestupu v\u00a0jeskyni dosahuje dosud nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed hloubky v\u00a0jeskyni na Florid\u011b.<\/p>\n

Jako prvn\u00ed se Sheck zam\u00fd\u0161l\u00ed nad jin\u00fdm pl\u00e1nov\u00e1n\u00edm spot\u0159eby v\u00a0uzav\u0159en\u00fdch prostor\u00e1ch.Dosud \u010dasto u\u017e\u00edvan\u00e9 pravidlo pro n\u00e1vrat \u00bd + 2<\/strong> ( my\u0161leno \u00bd vstupn\u00edho tlaku plus 200 psi ( 15bar))<\/p>\n

se jev\u00ed \u010dasto jako nedostate\u010dn\u00e9 pro bezpe\u010dn\u00fd n\u00e1vrat. Sheck p\u0159ich\u00e1z\u00ed v\u00a0roce 1968 s \u201ethird rule\u201c\u00a0 T\u0159etinov\u00fdm pravidlem<\/strong> \u2013 t\u0159etina tam, t\u0159etina zp\u011bt a t\u0159etina jako rezerva. Toto pravidlo je akceptov\u00e1no dodnes jako z\u00e1klad pro rozumn\u00e9 uva\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed p\u0159i sestupu do uzav\u0159en\u00fdch prostor s\u00a0otev\u0159en\u00fdm okruhem.Dnes se toto pravidlo naz\u00fdv\u00e1 p\u0159esn\u011bji \u201e Rule of Thirds \u201c<\/strong><\/p>\n

V\u00a0t\u00e9to dob\u011b se rovn\u011b\u017e objevuj\u00ed gumov\u00e9 ploutve s\u00a0hydrodynamick\u00fdmi kan\u00e1ly \u2013 model JetFin<\/strong>, jeho\u017e popularita se op\u011bt vzk\u0159\u00edsila na p\u0159elomu nov\u00e9ho mil\u00e9nia,kdy\u017e tento 30let star\u00fd model opr\u00e1\u0161ila firma Scubapro. T\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 ka\u017ed\u00e1 firma v\u00a070.l\u00e9tech vyr\u00e1b\u00ed sv\u016fj model (RocketFin(US Divers), ScubaFin (Scubapro), SpiroFin(la Spirotechnique),Unifin a JetFin (Poseidon) atd.) Dnes pat\u0159\u00ed model JetFin k\u00a0nejobl\u00edben\u011bj\u0161\u00edm model\u016fm pro jeskynn\u00ed pot\u00e1p\u011bn\u00ed.Jedn\u00e1 se o ploutve s\u00a0nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed efektivitou p\u0159i z\u00e1kladn\u00edm druhu pohybu a t\u00edm je frogkick-\u017eab\u00ed kop.<\/p>\n

Proto\u017ee do\u0161lo k\u00a0\u00famrt\u00ed 4 student\u016f v\u00a0Ginnie Springs, je iniciov\u00e1no dal\u0161\u00ed setk\u00e1n\u00ed jeskynn\u00edch pot\u00e1p\u011b\u010d\u016f. David Desautels s\u00a0Tomem Mountem a jin\u00fdmi zakl\u00e1daj\u00ed skupinu AquaMarine Cave Dwellers(Florida Cave Dwellers) a zakl\u00e1daj\u00ed f\u00f3rum zku\u0161en\u00fdch jeskynn\u00edch pot\u00e1p\u011b\u010d\u016f k\u00a0vytvo\u0159en\u00ed standard bezpe\u010dn\u00e9ho jeskynn\u00edho pot\u00e1p\u011bn\u00ed.Rok 1969 je v\u0161ak velmi bou\u0159liv\u00fd.St\u00e1tn\u00ed org\u00e1ny se stav\u00ed velmi striktn\u011b proti jeskynn\u00edmu pot\u00e1p\u011bn\u00ed. Konec konc\u016f tohle v\u00a0Evrop\u011b \u00a0tak\u00e9 dob\u0159e zn\u00e1me. 29.kv\u011btna 1969 je svol\u00e1n druh\u00fd semin\u00e1\u0159 jeskynn\u00edch pot\u00e1p\u011b\u010d\u016f, kter\u00e9ho se z\u00fa\u010dast\u0148uj\u00ed i z\u00e1konod\u00e1rci,st\u00e1tn\u00ed \u00fa\u0159edn\u00edci, \u0161erifov\u00e9 z\u00a0regionu Suwannee River. Ze strany pot\u00e1p\u011b\u010d\u016f jich p\u0159ij\u00ed\u017ed\u00ed pouze 41, ale zato skaln\u00edch jesky\u0148\u00e1\u0159\u016f, kte\u0159\u00ed vzbuzuj\u00ed zaslou\u017een\u00fd respekt. Brzy se da\u0159\u00ed zvr\u00e1tit boj se s\u00edl\u00edc\u00ed anti-cave legislativou na stranu pot\u00e1p\u011b\u010d\u016f a semin\u00e1\u0159 kon\u010d\u00ed \u00fasp\u011bchem.<\/p>\n

2.\u010dervence 1969 byla ofici\u00e1ln\u011b ustanovena Davidem Desautelsem,Larry Brielem, Tomem Mountem, Hal Wattsem aj. prvn\u00ed opravdov\u00e1 v\u00fdcvikov\u00e1 organizace \u2013 NACD( National Association for Cave Diving)<\/strong>, aktivn\u00ed v\u00a0pr\u016fzumu a v\u00fdcviku a\u017e do dne\u0161n\u00edch dn\u016f.<\/p>\n

Kon\u010d\u00ed prvn\u00edch 20 let historie jeskynn\u00edho pot\u00e1p\u011bn\u00ed na Florid\u011b, kon\u010d\u00ed doba pion\u00fdrsk\u00e1 a nastupuje doba velk\u00fdch objev\u016f, inov\u00e1torstv\u00ed techniky, nov\u00fdch trend\u016f a filosofi\u00ed,kter\u00e9 v\u00fdrazn\u011b ovlivnily dal\u0161\u00ed v\u00fdvoj jeskynn\u00edho pot\u00e1p\u011bn\u00ed ve sv\u011bt\u011b.Je vid\u011bt, \u017ee spousta toho, co vzniklo p\u0159ed 45 l\u00e9ty b\u011bhem po\u010d\u00e1tku jeskynn\u00edho pot\u00e1p\u011bn\u00ed, m\u011blo opravdu dobr\u00fd z\u00e1klad a beze zm\u011bn se pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 dodnes.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

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MUDr. David Skoumal \u2013\u00a0 ASTD Training Director   Florida \u2013 Historie jeskynn\u00edho pot\u00e1p\u011bn\u00ed v USA \u010c\u00e1st druh\u00e1: L\u00e9ta 1950 \u2013 1970 V\u00a0roce 1960 dal\u0161\u00ed v\u00fdznamn\u00fd jeskynn\u00ed pot\u00e1p\u011b\u010d John Harper spole\u010dn\u011b s\u00a0Bobem Tuckerem,Ronem Howardem a Hoytem Robertsem objevuj\u00ed fos\u00edlie mastodonta \u2013 kosti a \u010delisti na dn\u011b Hornsby Spring nedaleko mal\u00e9ho m\u011bste\u010dka High Springs.Tito pot\u00e1p\u011b\u010di jako prvn\u00ed […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":3629,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[20],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-4404","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-jeskyne"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"http:\/\/astd.eu\/pl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4404","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"http:\/\/astd.eu\/pl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"http:\/\/astd.eu\/pl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/astd.eu\/pl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/astd.eu\/pl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=4404"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"http:\/\/astd.eu\/pl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4404\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"http:\/\/astd.eu\/pl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=4404"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/astd.eu\/pl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=4404"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/astd.eu\/pl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=4404"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}