MUDr. David Skoumal \u2013\u00a0 ASTD Training Director<\/p>\n
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Florida \u2013 Historie jeskynn\u00edho pot\u00e1p\u011bn\u00ed v\u00a0USA\u00a0 <\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n \u010c\u00e1st druh\u00e1 – pokra\u010dov\u00e1n\u00ed\u00a0 <\/u>\u201eGolden Age\u201c<\/strong> – Zlat\u00e1 l\u00e9ta jeskynn\u00edho pot\u00e1p\u011bn\u00ed\u00a0 na Florid\u011b L\u00e9ta 1970 -1985<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n <\/p>\n Tento rok 1974 je opravdu plodn\u00fd na spoustu nov\u00fdch objev\u016f \u010di posunu d\u00e9lky st\u00e1vaj\u00edc\u00edch pr\u016fnik\u016f. Velmi aktivn\u00ed jsou krom\u011b Shecka d\u00e1le Court Smith,Dana Turner, Lewis Holtzendorff,Paul DeLoach,Billy Young,David Smith,Bob Goodmann aj.<\/p>\n Na diskusn\u00edm f\u00f3ru se \u0159e\u0161\u00ed standartizace sign\u00e1l\u016f pod vodou, vhodn\u00fdch pro jeskynn\u00ed pot\u00e1p\u011bn\u00ed.<\/p>\n Objevuje se i koncepce hmatov\u00fdch sign\u00e1l\u016f p\u0159i nulov\u00e9 viditelnosti,kter\u00e9 n\u00e1sledn\u011b sjednotil Don Rimbach \u2013 dle n\u011bj nazv\u00e1no jako Rimbach syst\u00e9m.<\/p>\n Tragick\u00e9 ud\u00e1losti se v\u0161ak tento rok taky nevyhneme, Dana Turner utone v\u00a0Sally Ward Spring \u00a0v\u00a0hloubce 300stop (91m) po \u010dase na dn\u011b 25min snad n\u00e1sledkem bezv\u011bdom\u00ed po kombinaci narkotick\u00fdch \u00fa\u010dink\u016f dus\u00edku, toxick\u00fdch \u00fa\u010dink\u016f kysl\u00edku,negativn\u00edch \u00fa\u010dink\u016f CO2 a dechov\u00fdch obt\u00ed\u017e\u00ed . N\u00e1sledn\u00e1 anal\u00fdza prok\u00e1zala nav\u00edc i obsah CO v\u00a0d\u00fdchan\u00e9m vzduchu v\u00a0jeho lahv\u00edch.<\/p>\n Dal\u0161\u00ed rok dojde k\u00a0\u00famrt\u00ed Billa Hursta v\u00a0Peacock 3, kter\u00fd ztratil orientaci na \u0161\u0148\u016f\u0159e. Toto vede k\u00a0diskuzi na speleologick\u00fdch f\u00f3rech a Lewis Holtzendorff ( t.\u010d.vice prezident NACD) jako prvn\u00ed vytvo\u0159il \u201e line marker\u201c<\/strong> \u2013 sm\u011brovku<\/strong>, kterou vyrobil z\u00a0n\u00e1m zn\u00e1m\u00e9 st\u0159\u00edbrn\u00e9 lep\u00edc\u00ed p\u00e1sky \u2013 Duck Tape zast\u0159i\u017een\u00e9 do \u0161pi\u010dky. Tohle funk\u010dn\u00ed \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed bylo opravdov\u00fdm p\u0159edch\u016fdcem \u0161ipek, kter\u00e9 m\u016f\u017eeme pova\u017eovat za nejkultovn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed symbol jeskynn\u00edho pot\u00e1p\u011bn\u00ed.\u00a0 Sm\u011brovka se naz\u00e1vala Dorff marker.<\/p>\n Bohu\u017eel i tento v\u00fdznamn\u00fd explorer a dle Shecka jeden z\u00a0nejlep\u0161\u00edch pot\u00e1p\u011b\u010d\u016f sv\u00e9 doby utone \u2013 30.11.l975 ve Wakulla Springs , p\u0159i experiment\u00e1ln\u00edm \u00a0ponoru s\u00a0Helioxem do 260 stop( 80m) za\u010dal dekompresi na kysl\u00edku v\u00a050 stop\u00e1ch ( 15m) , dostal kysl\u00edkov\u00e9 k\u0159e\u010de a utonul.Paradoxem je, \u017ee t\u00edmto experiment\u00e1ln\u00edm sestupem s Heliovou sm\u011bs\u00ed cht\u011bl naj\u00edt jinou cestu pro ponory do hloubek, ne\u017e bylo pou\u017eit\u00ed vzduchu \u2013 osudn\u00e9 jeho kamar\u00e1du Dana Turnerovi.<\/p>\n V\u00a0n\u00e1sledn\u00fdch letech se da\u0159\u00ed objev\u016fm v\u00a0oblasti Woodville Karst Plain, velmi aktivn\u00ed jsou Bob Goodmann,John Zumrick,Tex Chalkley, Kirby Sullivan.V roce 1977 vytv\u00e1\u0159\u00ed Forrest Wilson nov\u00fd typ bubnu s\u00a0vod\u00edc\u00ed \u0161\u0148\u016frou<\/strong> \u2013 \u201ejam-proof reel\u201c,<\/strong> kter\u00fd vykazuje men\u0161\u00ed poruchovost stran zaseknut\u00ed \u0161\u0148\u016fry. Jedn\u00e1 se o buben zcela kryt\u00fd pr\u016fhlednou trubkou.<\/p>\n ( Pozn\u00e1mka autor\u016f \u2013 ka\u017ed\u00e1 \u0161\u0148\u016fra se d\u00e1 p\u0159etrhnout a ka\u017ed\u00fd bub\u00ednek se d\u00e1 za\u0161modrchat, nic nen\u00ed dokonal\u00e9). Z\u00a0tohoto principu spolehlivosti posl\u00e9ze vych\u00e1z\u00ed \u201ejam-proof spool\u201c \u0161pulka<\/strong>, kter\u00e1 je velmi jednoduch\u00e1, prakticky odzkou\u0161en\u00e1 a \u00fasp\u011b\u0161n\u011b pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00e1 dodnes.Tato \u0161pulka s\u00a0kr\u00e1tkou \u0161\u0148\u016frou ( cca do 60m) zcela odstranila svou jednoduchost\u00ed mo\u017enost zaseknut\u00ed \u0161\u0148\u016fry.<\/p>\n Spool zpopularizoval Bill Main po\u010d\u00e1tkem 80.let a za\u0159adil ji k\u00a0z\u00e1kladn\u00edm odzkou\u0161en\u00fdm prvk\u016fm nov\u011b se rod\u00edc\u00ed \u201e Hogarthiansk\u00e9 \u201ckonfigurace v\u00fdstroje.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n Bob Goodmann opat\u0159il v\u00a0roce l978 hlavu prim\u00e1rn\u00edho sv\u011btla nov\u00fdm typem rukojeti, kter\u00e1 umo\u017e\u0148uje p\u0159ehazovat sv\u011btlo z\u00a0prav\u00e9 do lev\u00e9. Tato Goodmann handle <\/strong>je s\u00a0velkou oblibou pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00e1 dodnes ,tak jako dlouh\u00e1 hadice,speleopropojka,infl\u00e1tor \u2026 V\u0161echny tyto sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed v\u00fdstroje jsou aplikov\u00e1ny do b\u011b\u017en\u00e9ho rekrea\u010dn\u00edho pot\u00e1p\u011bn\u00ed a roz\u0161i\u0159uj\u00ed se do cel\u00e9ho sv\u011bta.<\/p>\n V\u00a0tomto roce je proveden prvn\u00ed \u00fasp\u011b\u0161n\u00fd ponor s\u00a0Helioxem v\u00a0Missouri Blue Springs \u2013 Frank Fogerty,Roger Miller a Terry More a NSS-CDS za\u010d\u00edn\u00e1 vlastn\u00ed v\u00fdcvikov\u00fd program . Instrukto\u0159i Forrest Wilson, Joe Prosser a Wes Skiles p\u0159in\u00e1\u0161ej\u00ed nov\u00fd pohled na tr\u00e9nink bezpe\u010dnostn\u00edch procedur.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n Za\u010d\u00edn\u00e1 mraven\u010d\u00ed pr\u00e1ce s\u00a0vylep\u0161ov\u00e1n\u00edm v\u00fdstroje. Paul DeLoach a John Zumrick d\u011blaj\u00ed v\u00a0roce 1979 prvn\u00ed kroky s\u00a0optimalizac\u00ed v\u00fdstroje \u2013sna\u017e\u00ed se sn\u00ed\u017eit mo\u017enost n\u00e1hodn\u00e9ho zachycen\u00ed t\u00edm, \u017ee redukuj\u00ed ne a\u017e tak pot\u0159ebnou v\u00fdstroj a berou do vody jen to, co je nezbytn\u00e9 \u00a0Jejich kamar\u00e1d Bill Main nikdy nem\u011bl v\u00a0oblib\u011b sv\u00e9 prost\u0159edn\u00ed jm\u00e9no Hogarth a proto John Zumrick ve sn\u00e1ze jej po\u0161k\u00e1dlit, nazval jejich nov\u00fd styl \u201e Hogarthian\u201c <\/u><\/strong>\u00a0a takto u\u017e to z\u016fstalo v\u017eit\u00e9 dodnes.<\/p>\n Hogarthi\u00e1nsk\u00e1 konfigurace v\u00fdstroje znamenala dal\u0161\u00ed v\u00fdvojov\u00fd krok a hlavn\u011b vytvo\u0159en\u00ed jednotn\u00e9 koncepce unifikovan\u00e9 v\u00fdstroje, kter\u00e1 se dochovala v\u00a0t\u00e9me\u0159 nezm\u011bn\u011bn\u00e9 podob\u011b dodnes a v\u00a0koncepci konfigurace otev\u0159en\u00e9ho okruhu dosud neexistuje nic lep\u0161\u00edho.<\/p>\n Mezi prvn\u00ed vychyt\u00e1vky pat\u0159\u00ed striktn\u00ed d\u00fdch\u00e1n\u00ed z\u00a0dlouh\u00e9 hadice prim\u00e1rn\u00edho regul\u00e1toru, znovu opr\u00e1\u0161en\u00ed uchycen\u00ed regul\u00e1toru smy\u010dkou kolem krku \u2013 tak jako v\u00a060.l\u00e9tech, nicm\u00e9n\u011b v\u00a0t\u00e9 dob\u011b se jednalo o uchycen\u00ed pouze toho jednoho regul\u00e1toru, v\u00edce jich pot\u00e1p\u011b\u010d nem\u011bl.Nyn\u00ed se jedn\u00e1 o uchycen\u00ed z\u00e1lo\u017en\u00edho regul\u00e1toru funk\u010dn\u011b a bezpe\u010dn\u011b kolem krku. Revoluce byla v\u00a0pojet\u00ed sv\u011btel \u2013 dv\u011b prim\u00e1rn\u00ed byly nahrazeny jedn\u00edm, v\u00fdkonn\u00fdm s\u00a0odd\u011blen\u00fdm akumul\u00e1torem a dvojic\u00ed z\u00e1lo\u017en\u00edch sv\u011btel. Mnoho z\u00a0t\u011bchto amat\u00e9rsk\u00fdch vychyt\u00e1vek se brzy objevuje v\u00a0nab\u00eddce komer\u010dn\u00edch firem s\u00a0pot\u00e1p\u011b\u010dskou v\u00fdstroj\u00ed, tak jako ustrojen\u00e1 postupov\u00e1 \u2013 stage l\u00e1hev.<\/p>\n Jedn\u00edm z\u00a0dal\u0161\u00edch student\u016f Sheckova kurzu jeskynn\u00edho pot\u00e1p\u011bn\u00ed byl Greg Flanagan, kter\u00e9mu se nel\u00edbila soudob\u00e1 koncepce BCD kompenz\u00e1tor\u016f vztlaku, prost\u011b mu vadily sv\u00fdm objemem v\u00a0p\u0159edn\u00ed \u010d\u00e1sti nebo na b\u0159i\u0161e. Vyrobil prvn\u00ed kovovou z\u00e1dovou desku z\u00a0hlin\u00edkov\u00e9 dopravn\u00ed zna\u010dky a na popruhy pou\u017eil n\u00e1mo\u0159n\u00ed postroje US Navy , na tuto desku p\u0159ichytil BCD kompenz\u00e1tor \u2013 obdobu dne\u0161n\u00edho k\u0159\u00eddla . Prvn\u00ed k\u0159\u00eddla se vyr\u00e1b\u011bly z\u00a0rozst\u0159i\u017een\u00e9 automobilov\u00e9 du\u0161e.Toto vyvolalo \u00fadiv a z\u00e1vist u ostatn\u00edch, Greg v\u0161ak jako dobr\u00fd kamar\u00e1d vyrobil i desku ostatn\u00edm, v\u010detn\u011b Shecka.Jeho kamar\u00e1d Bill \u201e Hogarth\u201c Main desku a postroj velmi rychle zpopularizoval a za\u0159adil ji jako z\u00e1kladn\u00ed sou\u010d\u00e1st Hogarthi\u00e1nsk\u00e9 konfigurace v\u00fdstroje.<\/p>\n V\u00a0roce 1979 vych\u00e1z\u00ed Sheckova u\u010debnice Basic Cave Diving \u2013 Blueprint for survival<\/strong>,kde velmi p\u0159ehledn\u011b prob\u00edr\u00e1 z\u00e1klady bezpe\u010dn\u00e9ho jeskynn\u00edho pot\u00e1p\u011bn\u00ed.<\/p>\n V\u00a0roce 1980 vznikla plastov\u00e1 \u0161ipka Line Arrow<\/strong> ,kterou v\u00a0podob\u011b, jak ji zn\u00e1me dnes vyrobil Forrest Wilson a poprv\u00e9 se pou\u017eila hned n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00ed rok.Tato \u0161ipka je jednomysln\u011b pova\u017eov\u00e1na za symbol jeskynn\u00edho pot\u00e1p\u011bn\u00ed a objevuje se prakticky v\u0161ude. \u0160ipka ukazuje sm\u011br k\u00a0nejbli\u017e\u0161\u00edmu m\u00edstu s\u00a0volnou hladinou \u010di ven z\u00a0jeskyn\u011b. Sou\u010dasn\u00ed jeskynn\u00ed pot\u00e1p\u011b\u010di oce\u0148uj\u00ed korektn\u00ed vyv\u00e1z\u00e1n\u00ed \u0161\u0148\u016fr a pravideln\u00e9 n\u00e1m\u011bry cesty ven, tak\u017ee v\u0161em na\u0161im p\u0159edch\u016fdc\u016fm je\u0161t\u011b jednou d\u00edky. Bohu\u017eel Evropa je v\u00a0tomto sm\u011bru st\u00e1le 100 let za opicemi, i kdy\u017e v\u00a0posledn\u00edch letech za\u010d\u00edn\u00e1 i ve velmi konzervativn\u00ed Francii v\u00e1t nov\u00fd v\u00edtr a vlastn\u00edm typem \u0161ipek vystrojuje jeskyn\u011b francouzsk\u00e1 speleopot\u00e1p\u011b\u010dsk\u00e1 asociace FFESSM.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n V\u00a0roce 1980 padaj\u00ed i \u017eensk\u00e9 rekordy . Mary Ellen Eckhoff \u2013 \u017eena Shecka v\u00a0Dieploder dosahuje hloubky 290 stop -88m, o rok pozd\u011bji m\u00e1 \u017eensk\u00fd rekord v\u00a0d\u00e9lce pr\u016fniku 5847 stop(1782m) v\u00a0Big Dismal Sink.<\/p>\n Bill Stone d\u011bl\u00e1 prvn\u00ed kurz jeskynn\u00edho pot\u00e1p\u011bn\u00ed se Sheckem. Ve sv\u00e9 kultovn\u00ed knize Na dno sv\u011bta (Beyond the Deep) l\u00ed\u010d\u00ed sv\u00e9 z\u00e1\u017eitky s\u00a0hloubkov\u00fdm opojen\u00edm v\u00a0Eagle\u00b4s Nest a jen d\u00edky Sheckovi se vr\u00e1til zp\u011bt ve zdrav\u00ed. Bill je prim\u00e1rn\u011b jesky\u0148\u00e1\u0159 a proto\u017ee jej zastavila voda, musel za\u010d\u00edt s\u00a0pot\u00e1p\u011bn\u00edm.Pro prvn\u00ed expedice do mexick\u00fdch jeskyn\u00ed Sistema Huautla (v letech 1981 a 1984) ve spolupr\u00e1ci s\u00a0NASA pou\u017eije jako prvn\u00ed kompozitn\u00ed l\u00e1hve s\u00a0provozn\u00edm tlakem 375bar,vybaven\u00e9 speci\u00e1ln\u00edmi dvojventily a upraven\u00fdmi regul\u00e1tory. Posl\u00e9ze vytv\u00e1\u0159\u00ed projekt sv\u00fdch elektronick\u00fdch CCR \u2013 Cis Lunar, kter\u00fd je dosud pova\u017eov\u00e1n za technick\u00fd vrchol v\u00a0t\u00e9to oblasti\u00a0 a d\u011bl\u00e1 jej jen proto, \u017ee z\u00e1soba plyn\u016f otev\u0159en\u00e9ho okruhu hluboko v\u00a0podzem\u00ed ji\u017e nesta\u010d\u00ed.<\/p>\n I na Florid\u011b se za\u010d\u00edn\u00e1 pou\u017e\u00edvat nov\u00fd model membr\u00e1nov\u00e9ho such\u00e9ho obleku, vyvinut\u00e9ho US Navy a nov\u00fd model izola\u010dn\u00edho podobleku z\u00a0mikrovl\u00e1kna Thinsulate.<\/p>\n Po n\u011bkolika nehod\u00e1ch s\u00a0uv\u00e1znut\u00edm v\u00a0n\u00edzk\u00fdch profilech \u2013 z\u016f\u017een\u00edch ( restrikc\u00edch) za\u010d\u00ednaj\u00ed jesky\u0148\u00e1\u0159i zva\u017eovat konfiguraci v\u00fdstroje, kterou ji\u017e s\u00a0\u00fasp\u011bchem pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed del\u0161\u00ed dobu angli\u010dan\u00e9 a to l\u00e1hve um\u00edst\u011bn\u00e9 po boc\u00edch pot\u00e1p\u011b\u010de \u2013 tzv. Side-Mount konfigurace. <\/strong>Oproti angli\u010dan\u016fm pot\u00e1p\u011b\u010di z\u00a0Floridy p\u0159id\u00e1vaj\u00ed dal\u0161\u00ed kompenz\u00e1tor vztlaku, kter\u00fd se rychle designuje do podoby kompenz\u00e1toru na z\u00e1dech. Vyr\u00e1b\u011bj\u00ed se r\u016fzn\u00e9 modifikace , kter\u00e9 dnes maj\u00ed specifick\u00fd design jako Armadillo \u010di Nomad. Jeden z\u00a0prvn\u00edch, kter\u00fd za\u010dal pou\u017e\u00edvat tuto konfiguraci, takt\u00e9\u017e i konfiguraci, p\u0159i kter\u00e9 tla\u010d\u00ed pot\u00e1p\u011b\u010d l\u00e1hev p\u0159ed sebou ve velmi \u00fazk\u00e9 restrikci, byl Woody Jasper.\u00a0 Vznik\u00e1 skupina The Moles \u2013 Krtci , ve kter\u00e9 byli mimo jin\u00e9 Wes Skiles,Tom Morris,Lamar Hires,Paul Smith a dal\u0161\u00ed.Skupina byla velmi \u00fasp\u011b\u0161n\u00e1 stran nov\u00fdch explorac\u00ed, dr\u017eela se hesla slavn\u00e9ho mistra \u00fanik\u016f \u2013 iluzionisty Harry Houdiniho a to \u201e V\u017edy se najde skulinka\u201c \u2013 jejich zku\u0161enosti, chladnokrevnost a nov\u00e1 konfigurace umo\u017enila se prot\u00e1hnout dosud nemyslitelnou velikost\u00ed restrikc\u00ed.<\/p>\n Woody Jasper nav\u00edc inovuje i bub\u00ednky a p\u0159ich\u00e1z\u00ed s\u00a0koncepc\u00ed Sidewinder reel<\/strong> \u2013bub\u00ednku s\u00a0bo\u010dn\u00ed rukojet\u00ed, kter\u00fd se pozd\u011bji roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159\u00ed jako v\u00fdrobek firmy Halcyon Pathfinder. Tento bub\u00ednek vynik\u00e1 opravdu dobrou rezistenc\u00ed na za\u0161modrch\u00e1n\u00ed a zamot\u00e1n\u00ed \u0161\u0148\u016fry okolo osy a pat\u0159\u00ed dodnes k\u00a0nejpou\u017e\u00edvan\u011bj\u0161\u00edm typ\u016fm ve sv\u011bt\u011b.<\/p>\n Michael Menduno za\u010d\u00edn\u00e1 vyd\u00e1vat Aqua Corps magazine, jedin\u00fd \u010dasopis,kter\u00fd se zab\u00fdv\u00e1 jeskynn\u00edm a vrakov\u00fdm pot\u00e1p\u011bn\u00edm. Michael se jako prvn\u00ed sna\u017e\u00ed definovat nov\u00fd pojem \u2013 Technical diving \u2013 technick\u00e9 pot\u00e1p\u011bn\u00ed <\/strong><\/p>\n Co se t\u00fd\u010de d\u00e9lky pr\u016fnik\u016f, za\u010d\u00edn\u00e1 b\u00fdt popul\u00e1rn\u00ed metoda \u201e staging- on -the -fly\u201c <\/strong>Pot\u00e1p\u011b\u010d po vy\u010derp\u00e1n\u00ed stanoven\u00e9 z\u00e1soby odkl\u00e1d\u00e1 stage l\u00e1hev na vod\u00edc\u00ed \u0161\u0148\u016fru a bere si dal\u0161\u00ed stage. Sheck takto posunuje s\u00a0Billem Hogarthem Mainem pr\u016fnik v Manatee Springs v\u00a0roce 1981,a posl\u00e9ze<\/p>\n Sheck a Clark Pitcairn zde dos\u00e1hli touto metodou d\u00e9lky explorace 7667 stop (2337m), pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00e1 hloubka je 26m.<\/p>\n V\u00a0tom sam\u00e9m roce Sheck vyr\u00e1\u017e\u00ed na zku\u0161enou do Evropy, s\u00a0Jochenem Hasenmayerem se pot\u00e1p\u00ed v\u00a0Blautopfu v\u00a0N\u011bmecku a konzultuje s\u00a0n\u00edm dekompresn\u00ed postupy p\u0159i ponorech s\u00a0Helioxem p\u0159i kr\u00e1tk\u00fdch \u010dasech na dn\u011b.<\/p>\n Tomuto p\u0159edch\u00e1z\u00ed ponory Dale Sweeta v\u00a0DiePolder Sink No2 a to 8.6.1980 s\u00a0Helioxem do hloubky 360 stop(110m). Po tomto ponoru a zku\u0161enostech Jochena Hasenmayera, Sheck ji\u017e nepochyboval o v\u00fdhod\u00e1ch minim\u00e1ln\u00edho narkotick\u00e9ho potenci\u00e1lu sm\u011bs\u00ed s Heliem a od roku 1981 za\u010dne opravdov\u00e1 \u00e9ra sm\u011bsov\u00e9ho pot\u00e1p\u011bn\u00ed v\u00a0USA.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n Lze \u0159\u00edci, \u017ee se jeskynn\u00ed pot\u00e1p\u011bn\u00ed na Florid\u011b za t\u011bchto 15 let posunulo o \u0159\u00e1dn\u00fd kus dop\u0159edu a p\u0159ineslo spoustu nov\u00e9 v\u00fdstroje, nov\u00fdch pohled\u016f na pl\u00e1nov\u00e1n\u00ed spot\u0159eby, ucelen\u00e9 konfigurace atd., kter\u00e9 se pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed dodnes a to na cel\u00e9m sv\u011bt\u011b.Kdy\u017e si uv\u011bdom\u00edme, jak\u00e9 ponory d\u011blali Sheckov\u00e9,Lewisov\u00e9,Tomov\u00e9,Frankov\u00e9,Courtov\u00e9,Jimov\u00e9 a jin\u00ed v\u00a0t\u00e9 dob\u011b \u2013 co se t\u00fd\u010de hloubek, \u010das\u016f na dn\u011b a d\u00e9lek pr\u016fniku na ploutve, nezb\u00fdv\u00e1, ne\u017e vyslovit velkou pokoru p\u0159ed t\u011bmito explorers. Nav\u00edc p\u0159i opakovan\u00e9m mapov\u00e1n\u00ed s\u00a0Trimixem v\u00a0hloubk\u00e1ch se \u010dasto zase moc v\u00a0p\u0159esnosti nerozch\u00e1zeli a to d\u00fdchali vzduch ve 100 metrech!!!! Bohu\u017eel ti z\u00a0nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00edch, kte\u0159\u00ed ostatn\u00edm pro\u0161lap\u00e1vali cestu, tragicky zahynuli p\u0159i objevov\u00e1n\u00ed\u00a0 Darkness Beckons.R\u00e1di bychom je zachovali v\u00a0\u00fact\u011b,kter\u00e1 jim pr\u00e1vem n\u00e1le\u017e\u00ed.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n [av_gallery ids=’4519,4520,4521,4522,4523,4524,4525,4526,4527′ style=’thumbnails‘ preview_size=’portfolio‘ crop_big_preview_thumbnail=’avia-gallery-big-crop-thumb‘ thumb_size=’square‘ columns=’4′ imagelink=’lightbox‘ lazyload=’avia_lazyload‘]<\/p>\n <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" MUDr. David Skoumal \u2013\u00a0 ASTD Training Director Florida \u2013 Historie jeskynn\u00edho pot\u00e1p\u011bn\u00ed v\u00a0USA\u00a0 \u010c\u00e1st druh\u00e1 – pokra\u010dov\u00e1n\u00ed\u00a0 \u201eGolden Age\u201c – Zlat\u00e1 l\u00e9ta jeskynn\u00edho pot\u00e1p\u011bn\u00ed\u00a0 na Florid\u011b L\u00e9ta 1970 -1985 Tento rok 1974 je opravdu plodn\u00fd na spoustu nov\u00fdch objev\u016f \u010di posunu d\u00e9lky st\u00e1vaj\u00edc\u00edch pr\u016fnik\u016f. Velmi aktivn\u00ed jsou krom\u011b Shecka d\u00e1le Court Smith,Dana Turner, […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":4412,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[20],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-4413","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-jeskyne"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/astd.eu\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4413","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/astd.eu\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/astd.eu\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/astd.eu\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/astd.eu\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=4413"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/astd.eu\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4413\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/astd.eu\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=4413"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/astd.eu\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=4413"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/astd.eu\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=4413"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}