MUDr. David Skoumal \u2013\u00a0 ASTD Training Director<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
Florida \u2013 Historie jeskynn\u00edho pot\u00e1p\u011bn\u00ed v\u00a0USA\u00a0 <\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n \u010c\u00e1st t\u0159et\u00ed 1990 – 1995<\/strong><\/p>\n <\/p>\n WKPP<\/strong><\/p>\n V\u00a0listopadu 1990 je ofici\u00e1ln\u011b ustanoven WKPP<\/strong> \u2013 Woodville Karst Plain Project \u00a0<\/strong>a prvn\u00edm \u0159editelem tohoto projektu je Parker Turner. V\u00a0tomto projektu je doporu\u010dov\u00e1n koncept Hogarthiansk\u00e9ho pojet\u00ed jeskynn\u00edho pot\u00e1p\u011bn\u00ed a d\u00e1le za\u010d\u00edn\u00e1 platit pravidlo t\u00fdmov\u00e9 spolupr\u00e1ce.<\/p>\n S\u00f3loponory nejsou doporu\u010dov\u00e1ny (Never dive alone<\/strong> \u2013 Nikdy se nepot\u00e1p\u011bj s\u00e1m), tak jako pou\u017eit\u00ed vzduchu do v\u011bt\u0161\u00edch hloubek ( Deep Air) <\/strong>nen\u00ed rovn\u011b\u017e doporu\u010dov\u00e1no. <\/strong>Pro v\u00fdpo\u010dty dekompres\u00ed se sm\u011bsemi vych\u00e1zej\u00ed z\u00a0postup\u016f dr.Billa Hamiltona.<\/p>\n Parker je autorem motta na ceduli p\u0159i vstupu do jeskynn\u00edho syst\u00e9mu<\/p>\n \u201e Please STOP unless cave trained\u201c<\/strong><\/p>\n ( Pros\u00edm nepokra\u010dujte d\u00e1le,pokud nejste certifikovan\u00ed jeskynn\u00ed pot\u00e1p\u011b\u010di).Tyto cedule m\u016f\u017eete nal\u00e9zt na mnoha m\u00edstech floridsk\u00fdch a yucat\u00e1nsk\u00fdch lokalit a jsou v\u011bt\u0161inou um\u00edst\u011bny na hranici tzv. Daylight Zone \u2013 otev\u0159en\u00e9 vody s\u00a0denn\u00edm sv\u011btlem.<\/p>\n Bill Gavin za\u010d\u00edn\u00e1 konstruovat DPV sk\u016ftry nov\u00e9 koncepce \u2013 Gavin Scooters<\/strong>, odli\u0161n\u00e9 od Aquazepp\u016f. Pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 osv\u011bd\u010den\u00e9ho pohonu z\u00a0mal\u00fdch sk\u016ftr\u016f Tekna,kter\u00e9 v\u0161ak maj\u00ed mal\u00fd ak\u010dn\u00ed r\u00e1dius a jsou pou\u017eiteln\u00e9 jen do mal\u00e9 hloubky-okolo 40m.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n 17.11.1991 doch\u00e1z\u00ed k\u00a0dal\u0161\u00ed tragick\u00e9 ud\u00e1losti \u2013 Parker Turner utone v\u00a0Indian Springs, kdy d\u00edky snad n\u00e1hle vznikl\u00e9mu proudu doch\u00e1z\u00ed ke spadnut\u00ed p\u00edse\u010dn\u00e9ho stropu ve vstupu. Parker utone po vysiluj\u00edc\u00edm pokusu se prokopat ven po vy\u010derp\u00e1n\u00ed sv\u00e9 z\u00e1soby vzduchu, cca 30 stop (9m)od odlo\u017een\u00e9 postupov\u00e9 l\u00e1hve. Toto v\u0161ak pom\u016f\u017ee jeho buddymu Billu Gavinovi se dostat ven.<\/p>\n Je to historicky prvn\u00ed trag\u00e9die, kter\u00e1 nebyla zp\u016fsobena lidsk\u00fdm faktorem a o to byla pro v\u0161echny bolestn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed.<\/p>\n Vedouc\u00edm projektu WKPP se st\u00e1v\u00e1 Bill Gavin.Po \u00famrt\u00ed Parkera Turnera doch\u00e1z\u00ed k\u00a0p\u0159estavb\u011b t\u00fdmu, p\u0159ich\u00e1zej\u00ed nov\u00e9 tv\u00e1\u0159e jako Jarrod Jablonski,John Todd,Steve Berman,Casey McKinley a George Irvine.<\/p>\n IANTD<\/strong><\/p>\n Tom Mount vstupuje do IAND, vytv\u00e1\u0159\u00ed kompletn\u00ed program pro v\u00fdcvik jeskynn\u00edho, technick\u00e9ho pot\u00e1p\u011bn\u00ed a pot\u00e1p\u011bn\u00ed sm\u011bsov\u00e9ho, v\u010detn\u011b pot\u00e1p\u011bn\u00ed s\u00a0Trimixem. Organizace m\u011bn\u00ed sv\u016fj n\u00e1zev na IANTD ( International Association of Nitrox and Technical Divers).<\/strong><\/p>\n <\/p>\n V\u00a0roce 1993 padaj\u00ed dal\u0161\u00ed hloubkov\u00e9 rekordy \u2013 Ann Kristovich dosahuje hloubky 554stop -169m a 10.srpna Sheck Exley sestupuje na dno jihoafrick\u00e9ho Bushmansgatu \u2013 do hloubky 863 stop – 263m.<\/p>\n T\u00fdm WKPP prodlu\u017euje explorace v\u00a0r\u016fzn\u00fdch lokalit\u00e1ch, George Irvine pom\u00e1h\u00e1 Billu Gavinovi s\u00a0koncepc\u00ed a v\u00fdrobou DPV sk\u016ftr\u016f . Hlavn\u00ed program je v\u00a0Cheryl Sink, kde se da\u0159\u00ed explorace do vzd\u00e1lenosti 8000 stop -2438m a hloubky 220 stop -67m. P\u0159i jednom ponoru p\u0159i n\u00e1vratu\u00a0 zahyne Sherwood Schile kombinac\u00ed zamot\u00e1n\u00ed do \u0161\u0148\u016fry a n\u00e1sledn\u00e9 paniky v restrikci.Bill Gavin ztr\u00e1c\u00ed ji\u017e t\u0159et\u00edho bl\u00edzk\u00e9ho kamar\u00e1da p\u0159i spole\u010dn\u00e9m ponoru a proto p\u0159ed nov\u00fdm projektem ve Wakulla Springs pomalu rezignuje a p\u0159ed\u00e1v\u00e1 sv\u00e9 veden\u00ed WKPP.<\/p>\n K\u00a0t\u00fdmu WKPP se p\u0159id\u00e1v\u00e1 Sheck Exley, Todd Kincaid,Barry Miller,Brent Scarabin aj.<\/p>\n DIR<\/strong><\/p>\n Od roku 1994 se st\u00e1v\u00e1 vedouc\u00edm WKPP George Irvine a poprv\u00e9 je pou\u017eit n\u00e1zev DIR <\/strong><\/p>\n Doing It Right <\/strong>pro novou filosofii pot\u00e1p\u011bn\u00ed vych\u00e1zej\u00edc\u00ed z\u00a0p\u016fvodn\u00edho Hogarthi\u00e1nsk\u00e9ho konceptu.<\/p>\n George Irvine p\u0159in\u00e1\u0161\u00ed nov\u00e9 tv\u016fr\u010d\u00ed pojet\u00ed DPV sk\u016ftr\u016f \u2013 unifikace model\u016f,snadn\u00e1 v\u00fdm\u011bna d\u00edl\u016f mezi sebou a celkov\u00fd design. P\u0159i ponorech na Yucat\u00e1nu spole\u010dn\u011b s\u00a0Lamarem Englishem p\u0159in\u00e1\u0161ej\u00ed novou koncepci pou\u017eit\u00ed v\u00edce sk\u016ftr\u016f po sob\u011b.Podobn\u011b jako pou\u017eit\u00ed postupov\u00fdch lahv\u00ed prodlou\u017eilo pr\u016fniky, zde staging scooters <\/strong>prodlou\u017eilo d\u00e9lky explorac\u00ed.Ka\u017ed\u00fd pot\u00e1p\u011b\u010d t\u00e1hne za sebou z\u00e1lo\u017en\u00ed DPV sk\u016ftry.Tato technika je velmi efektivn\u00ed a postupn\u011b nahradila koncept Oliviera Islera,kter\u00fd pou\u017e\u00edval 2 sk\u016ftry upevn\u011bn\u00e9 vedle sebe.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n Bill Stone a jeho projekty<\/strong><\/p>\n Dr.Bill Stone se sv\u00fdm t\u00fdmem podnik\u00e1 expedici do San Agust\u00ednsk\u00e9ho sifonu jeskynn\u00edho syst\u00e9mu Huautla v Mexiku. San Agust\u00ednsk\u00fd sifon za\u010d\u00edn\u00e1 v\u00a0hloubce jeskyn\u011b okolo 1300m po extr\u00e9mn\u011b n\u00e1ro\u010dn\u00e9m transportu a pat\u0159\u00ed mezi nejobt\u00ed\u017en\u011bj\u0161\u00ed na sv\u011bt\u011b \u2013 d\u00edky mno\u017estv\u00ed vertik\u00e1l, vodop\u00e1d\u016f a ve fin\u00e1ln\u00ed \u010d\u00e1sti sif\u00f3n\u016f a zaplaven\u00fdch chodeb.P\u0159i p\u0159edchoz\u00edch v\u00fdprav\u00e1ch t\u00fdm narazil na probl\u00e9m mal\u00e9 autonomie p\u0159i pou\u017eit\u00ed otev\u0159en\u00e9ho okruhu.Bill Stone vyvinul sv\u016fj projekt elektronicky \u0159\u00edzen\u00e9ho rebreatheru Cis Lunar, jeho\u017e verzi Mk IV nasadil p\u0159i t\u00e9to expedici. Kone\u010dn\u00fd \u00fasp\u011bch t\u00e9to expedice je v\u0161ak poznamen\u00e1n tragickou ud\u00e1lost\u00ed \u2013 jeden z\u00a0hlavn\u00edch explora\u010dn\u00edch pot\u00e1p\u011b\u010d\u016f (push diver\u016f) Ian Rolland , kter\u00fd byl diabetik na inzul\u00ednu, tragicky zahyne s\u00a0nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed pravd\u011bpodobnost\u00ed n\u00e1sledkem utonut\u00ed po hypoglykemick\u00e9m k\u00f3matu<\/p>\n po n\u00e1ro\u010dn\u00e9m transportu a sestupu.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n \u00damrt\u00ed Shecka<\/strong><\/p>\n Tento rok , ve stejnou dobu ,kdy\u017e je Stone\u016fv t\u00fdm v\u00a0Huautle ,se v\u0161ak stane dal\u0161\u00ed tragick\u00e1 nehoda. Na severu Mexika se dne 6.4.1994 dvojice Sheck Exley a Jim Bowden pokou\u0161\u00ed o sestup do hloubky 1000 stop- 305m v\u00a0jeskyni Zacaton. Pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b d\u00edky z\u00e1vad\u011b na regul\u00e1toru a \u00faniku plynu v\u00a0hloubce dojde k\u00a0nehod\u011b, p\u0159i kter\u00e9 Sheck utone. Dal\u0161\u00ed mo\u017enost\u00ed utonut\u00ed byl akcentovan\u00fd HPNS syndrom ( High pressure nervous syndrome \u2013 nervov\u00fd syndrom z\u00a0vysok\u00e9ho tlaku) .<\/p>\n P\u0159\u00edznaky HPNS Sheck za\u017eil ji\u017e p\u0159i p\u0159edchoz\u00edch ponorech, hlavn\u011b v\u00a0jihoafrick\u00e9m Bushmansgatu v\u00a0hloubce 863 stop -263m o rok d\u0159\u00edve.<\/p>\n Tato nehoda ochromila floridskou sc\u00e9nu ve velk\u00e9m, Sheck jako nekorunovan\u00fd leader jeskynn\u00edho pot\u00e1p\u011bn\u00ed ve sv\u011bt\u011b, u\u010ditel mnoha sou\u010dasn\u00fdch pot\u00e1p\u011b\u010d\u016f, \u010dlov\u011bk,kter\u00fd tvo\u0159il z\u00e1klady jeskynn\u00edho pot\u00e1p\u011bn\u00ed \u2013od z\u00e1kladn\u00edch pravidel a\u017e po pl\u00e1nov\u00e1n\u00ed spot\u0159eby, \u010dlov\u011bk, kter\u00fd za\u010d\u00ednal dekompresn\u00ed zast\u00e1vky v\u00a0hloubce nedostupn\u00e9 pro ponor 90% pot\u00e1p\u011b\u010d\u016f ve sv\u011bt\u011b\u2026<\/p>\n Tato nehoda v\u0161ak potvrdila, \u017ee i ti nejlep\u0161\u00ed nemus\u00ed b\u00fdt schopni vy\u0159e\u0161it probl\u00e9m,kdy\u017e jsou ve vod\u011b sami. Sheck i Bowden m\u011bli rozd\u00edln\u00e9 pl\u00e1ny ponoru, i kdy\u017e zah\u00e1jili sestup spole\u010dn\u011b, d\u00e1l pokra\u010dovali ka\u017ed\u00fd s\u00e1m na sv\u00e9m sestupov\u00e9m lan\u011b.Jim Bowden p\u0159e\u017eil tento sestup s\u00a0drobn\u00fdmi p\u0159\u00edznaky DCS a dos\u00e1hl maxim\u00e1ln\u00ed hloubky 905 stop \u2013 276m,co\u017e byl nejhlub\u0161\u00ed sestup sv\u00e9 doby.<\/p>\n \u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n WAKULLA\u00a0 2<\/strong><\/p>\n V\u00a0roce 1995\u00a0 za\u010d\u00edn\u00e1 US Deep Caving Team a Bill Stone\u00a0 pomalu p\u0159ipravovat dal\u0161\u00ed v\u00fdznamn\u00fd projekt \u2013Wakulla 2. Bill vytv\u00e1\u0159\u00ed speci\u00e1ln\u00ed mapovac\u00ed skener, kter\u00fd namontoval dop\u0159edu na DPV sk\u016ftr. Tento Digital Wall Mapper <\/strong>se uk\u00e1zal jako velmi efektivn\u00ed pro 3D zobrazen\u00ed a zmapov\u00e1n\u00ed chodeb.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n \u010clenov\u00e9 WKPP Todd Kincaid a Jarrod Jablonski vytvo\u0159\u00ed 6.6.1995 v\u00a0Mannatee Springs nov\u00fd rekord \u2013 posunuj\u00ed d\u00e9lku pr\u016fniku na vzd\u00e1lenost 11074stop -3375m.<\/p>\n V\u00a0roce 1996 Steve Gerrard a Jill Heinerth organizuj\u00edc\u00ed velk\u00fd v\u00fdzkumn\u00fd projekt v\u00a0Mexiku \u2013<\/p>\n Ejido Jacinto Pat Expedition, zam\u011b\u0159en\u00fd na jeskynn\u00ed syst\u00e9my Dos Ojos a Nohoch Nah Chich.<\/p>\n O rok pozd\u011bji Jill a Paul Heinerth pronikaj\u00ed na dno cenotu Pit syst\u00e9mu Dos Ojos do hloubky 330 stop -100m , objevuj\u00ed obrovskou prostoru, kterou nazvou Wakulla Room a kter\u00e1 tuto jeskyni stav\u00ed jako nejhlub\u0161\u00ed jeskynn\u00ed syst\u00e9m na Yucat\u00e1nu.<\/p>\n Vid\u00edme, \u017ee po\u010d\u00e1tkem 90.let za\u010dal technick\u00fd p\u0159elom, kter\u00fd pokra\u010duje dosud. Je odzkou\u0161eno pou\u017eit\u00ed elektronicky \u0159\u00edzen\u00fdch CCR v\u00a0extr\u00e9mn\u00edch podm\u00ednk\u00e1ch a vytvo\u0159ena nov\u00e1 koncepce DPV sk\u016ftr\u016f. Tyto technick\u00e9 novinky se pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed dosud a jsou velk\u00fdm pomocn\u00edkem p\u0159i \u0159ad\u011b n\u00e1ro\u010dn\u00fdch projekt\u016f v\u00a0n\u00e1sledn\u00fdch letech, a\u0165 p\u0159i jeskynn\u00edch explorac\u00edch, tak i p\u0159i vrakov\u00e9m pot\u00e1p\u011bn\u00ed.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n [av_gallery ids=’4590,4591,4592,4593,4594,4595,4596,4597,4598,4599′ style=’thumbnails‘ preview_size=’portfolio‘ crop_big_preview_thumbnail=’avia-gallery-big-crop-thumb‘ thumb_size=’square‘ columns=’4′ imagelink=’lightbox‘ lazyload=’avia_lazyload‘]<\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" MUDr. David Skoumal \u2013\u00a0 ASTD Training Director Florida \u2013 Historie jeskynn\u00edho pot\u00e1p\u011bn\u00ed v\u00a0USA\u00a0 \u010c\u00e1st t\u0159et\u00ed 1990 – 1995 WKPP V\u00a0listopadu 1990 je ofici\u00e1ln\u011b ustanoven WKPP \u2013 Woodville Karst Plain Project \u00a0a prvn\u00edm \u0159editelem tohoto projektu je Parker Turner. V\u00a0tomto projektu je doporu\u010dov\u00e1n koncept Hogarthiansk\u00e9ho pojet\u00ed jeskynn\u00edho pot\u00e1p\u011bn\u00ed a d\u00e1le za\u010d\u00edn\u00e1 platit pravidlo t\u00fdmov\u00e9 […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":4417,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[20],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-4421","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-jeskyne"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/astd.eu\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4421","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/astd.eu\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/astd.eu\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/astd.eu\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/astd.eu\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=4421"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/astd.eu\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4421\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/astd.eu\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=4421"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/astd.eu\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=4421"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/astd.eu\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=4421"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}