{"id":4386,"date":"2015-11-07T13:12:34","date_gmt":"2015-11-07T12:12:34","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/astd.eu\/?p=4386"},"modified":"2015-11-07T13:12:34","modified_gmt":"2015-11-07T12:12:34","slug":"blautopf-nemecko","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/astd.eu\/pl\/blautopf-nemecko\/","title":{"rendered":"Blautopf – N\u011bmecko"},"content":{"rendered":"
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MUDr. David Skoumal \u2013\u00a0 ASTD Training Director<\/p>\n

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Po stop\u00e1ch objev\u016f evropsk\u00fdch zatopen\u00fdch jeskynn\u00edch syst\u00e9m\u016f<\/strong><\/h3>\n

N\u011bmecko \u00a0– \u00a0Blautopf<\/strong><\/p>\n

Nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed n\u011bmeck\u00fd zatopen\u00fd jeskynn\u00ed syst\u00e9m, nach\u00e1zej\u00edc\u00ed se v nedaleko Ulmu v oblasti poho\u0159\u00ed Schwa\u201cbischen Alb.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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Ve starobyl\u00e9m m\u011bste\u010dku Blaubeuren se nach\u00e1z\u00ed p\u0159\u00edmo proti kostelu modr\u00e9 jez\u00edrko s\u00a0vyv\u011braj\u00edc\u00ed vodou \u2013 Blautopf (nadmo\u0159sk\u00e1 v\u00fd\u0161ka 512m n m.) Vyv\u011braj\u00edc\u00ed voda o kol\u00edsav\u00e9m pr\u016ftoku 2000 a\u017e 30000 litr\u016f za sekundu poh\u00e1n\u00ed ml\u00fdnsk\u00e9 kolo. Je to velmi poetick\u00e9 m\u00edsto. Kdy\u017e se nasyt\u00edme prvotn\u00edho pohledu, jsme p\u0159ed ot\u00e1zkou, kter\u00e1 napadne ka\u017ed\u00e9ho \u2013 jak je jez\u00edrko hlubok\u00e9? Prvn\u00ed m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed bylo snad provedeno okolo roku 1718 a hovo\u0159\u00ed o hloubce 63 W\u201curttembergersk\u00fdch stop \u2013 cca 18m. Prvn\u00ed ponor s\u00a0klasick\u00fdm pot\u00e1p\u011b\u010dsk\u00fdm skafandrem s\u00a0pr\u016fplachov\u00fdm syst\u00e9mem byl proveden roku 1880. Chyb\u00ed v\u0161ak z\u00e1znam o tomto ponoru.<\/p>\n

Prvn\u00ed zpr\u00e1vy o charakteru dna p\u0159inesl roku 1954 dr.Wellenstein \u2013 ponorem na n\u00e1dech p\u0159inesl sv\u011bdectv\u00ed o \u201e trycht\u00fd\u0159i \u201e na dn\u011b. Prvn\u00ed novodob\u00fd sestup s\u00a0pot\u00e1p\u011b\u010dsk\u00fdm p\u0159\u00edstrojem byl proveden v\u00a0roce 1957 a dva mnichov\u0161t\u00ed pot\u00e1p\u011b\u010di objevili na dn\u011b trycht\u00fd\u0159e v\u00a0hloubce 21m vstup do jeskynn\u00edho syst\u00e9mu.<\/p>\n

Systematick\u00fd pr\u016fzkum za\u010d\u00edn\u00e1 v\u00a0roce 1960, je prov\u00e1d\u011bn skupinou „H\u00f6hlenforschungsgruppe Eschenbach\/G\u00f6ppingen“,pod veden\u00edm Manfreda Kellera a jej\u00ed \u010dlenov\u00e9 dosahuj\u00ed hloubky okolo 42m p\u0159i d\u00e9lce pr\u016fniku okolo 100m. Bohu\u017eel v\u00a0t\u00e9 dob\u011b se know how pomalu vyv\u00edj\u00ed a t\u0159etinov\u00e9 pravidlo nech\u00e1 na sebe je\u0161t\u011b hodn\u011b dlouho \u010dekat, doba Shecka Exleye teprve p\u0159ijde. \u0160patn\u011b napl\u00e1novan\u00e1 spot\u0159eba je p\u0159\u00ed\u010dinou \u00famrt\u00ed pot\u00e1p\u011b\u010de Adolfa Holdera v\u00a0roce 1968, po t\u00e9 co dos\u00e1hl \u010d\u00e1sti jeskyn\u011b zvan\u00e9 \u201e Bunker \u201e objeven\u00e9 v\u00a0roce 1961 Jochenem Hasenmayerem. Bunker byl p\u0159\u00ed\u010dinou je\u0161t\u011b dal\u0161\u00edho ne\u0161t\u011bst\u00ed \u2013 \u00famrt\u00ed dvou pot\u00e1p\u011b\u010d\u016f v\u00a0roce 1983, po t\u00e9 co zpanika\u0159ili , ztratili vod\u00edc\u00ed lano a utopili se.<\/p>\n

Nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed objevy v\u00a0Blautopfu jsou jednozna\u010dn\u011b spojeny se jm\u00e9nem Jochena Hasenmayera<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

Jochen, tako jako Olivier Isler \u010di Sheck Exley pat\u0159\u00ed k\u00a0absolutn\u00ed \u0161pi\u010dce sv\u011btov\u00e9ho jeskynn\u00edho pot\u00e1p\u011bn\u00ed.<\/p>\n

S\u00e1m Martin Farr v\u00a0bibli jeskynn\u00edho pot\u00e1p\u011bn\u00ed Darkness Beckons (V\u00e1ben\u00ed temnot) o n\u011bm hovo\u0159\u00ed jako o pot\u00e1p\u011b\u010di a pr\u016fzkumn\u00edkovi par excellence.<\/em><\/p>\n

Proto bych na tomto m\u00edst\u011b cht\u011bl v\u00edce pohovo\u0159it o Jochenovi Hasenmayerovi \u00a0a jeho \u00fasp\u011b\u0161\u00edch. Narozen 1941, za\u010d\u00edn\u00e1 se pot\u00e1p\u011bt ve velmi\u00a0mlad\u00e9m v\u011bku- okolo 14 let a sv\u00e9 aktivity brzy p\u0159esouv\u00e1 k\u00a0zatopen\u00fdm jeskyn\u00edm Vzhledem k\u00a0teplotn\u00edm podm\u00ednk\u00e1m v\u00a0n\u011bmeck\u00fdch jeskyn\u00edch z\u00e1hy \u0159e\u0161\u00ed problematiku tepeln\u00e9 izolace.Vyr\u00e1b\u00ed si vlastn\u00ed such\u00e9 obleky z\u00a0pogumovan\u00e9ho prost\u011bradla a lep\u00ed je lepidlem na du\u0161e do automobilov\u00fdch pneumatik. V\u00a0t\u00e9 dob\u011b neexistuj\u00ed vodot\u011bsn\u00e9 zipy, tak\u017ee se Jochen nech\u00e1 zalepit do obleku p\u0159ed ka\u017ed\u00fdm ponorem a po ponoru se z\u00a0obleku nech\u00e1 vy\u0159\u00edznout…<\/p>\n

Vzhledem k\u00a0tepeln\u00fdm vlastnostem jeho vln\u011bn\u00e9ho podobleku, je schopen b\u00fdt ve vod\u011b daleko del\u0161\u00ed dobu, ne\u017e ostatn\u00ed pot\u00e1p\u011b\u010di v\u00a0t\u00e9 dob\u011b,kte\u0159\u00ed pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed mokr\u00e9 neopr\u00e9nov\u00e9 obleky.<\/p>\n

V\u00a0pr\u016fb\u011bhu 60. – 80.let sb\u00edr\u00e1 Jochen jeden \u00fasp\u011bch za druh\u00fdm, prakticky po cel\u00e9 Evrop\u011b. Nen\u00ed snad v\u00fdznam\u011bj\u0161\u00ed zatopen\u00e1 jeskyn\u011b,kde by Jochen Hasenmayer nebyl a kde by neposunul explorace kup\u0159edu. Vyv\u00edj\u00ed sv\u00e9 specifick\u00e9 konfigurace v\u00fdstroje \u2013 jednak konfiguraci otev\u0159en\u00e9ho okruhu s\u00a0velkoobjemov\u00fdmi lahvemi 4x20lt, se zcela specifick\u00fdm syst\u00e9mem propojen\u00ed lahv\u00ed a d\u00e1le vytv\u00e1\u0159\u00ed vlastn\u00ed zdvojen\u00fd SCR Rebreather \u2013 model STR 80 (Speleo \u2013Twin Rebreather). V roce 1983 a to dne 9. z\u00e1\u0159\u00ed \u00fasp\u011b\u0161n\u011b provedl sestup ve Fontaine de Vaucluse do\u00a0 hloubky 205m. O detailech bude pojedn\u00e1no v\u00a0dal\u0161\u00edm d\u00edle.<\/p>\n

Krom\u011b hloubek dosahuje i pozoruhodn\u00fdch vzd\u00e1lenost\u00ed \u2013 nap\u0159. pr\u016fnik do vzd\u00e1lenosti 1240 m\u00a0 a do hloubky 88m v\u00a0Emergence de Landenouse (1980), pr\u016fnik do vzd\u00e1lenosti 1620m v\u00a0Emergence du Ressel p\u0159i p\u0159ekon\u00e1n\u00ed max.hloubky 88m a \u010dasu na dn\u011b v\u00a0pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00e9 hloubce okolo60 m p\u0159es 3,5 hodiny je zcela mimo ch\u00e1p\u00e1n\u00ed tehdej\u0161\u00ed doby.<\/p>\n

Po\u010d\u00e1tkem 60. let za\u010d\u00edn\u00e1 Jochen se sestupy v\u00a0Blautopfu. V \u010dervenci 1961 Jochen pronikl 140m\u00a0 do nitra jeskyn\u011b a dos\u00e1hl hloubky okolo 50m v\u00a0m\u00edst\u011b zvan\u00e9m Bunkr. Jsme v\u00a0ran\u00fdch dob\u00e1ch jeskynn\u00edho pot\u00e1p\u011bn\u00ed, tak\u017ee n\u00e1vrat zp\u011bt provedl ve zkalen\u00e9 vod\u011b s\u00a0n\u00edzkou viditelnost\u00ed a za pomoc\u00ed kompasu. V t\u00e9 dob\u011b se teprve vytv\u00e1\u0159\u00ed metodika pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed \u0161\u0148\u016fr pod vodou a Jochen pozd\u011bji jako prvn\u00ed za\u010d\u00edn\u00e1 pou\u017e\u00edvat m\u011bkk\u00fd nerezov\u00fd dr\u00e1t \u2013 strunu. S\u00a0touto strunou jsme se poprv\u00e9 setkali na Sard\u00ednii v\u00a0Grotta del Bue Marino v\u00a0roce 1990 a tato na\u0161e zku\u0161enost vedla k\u00a0zaveden\u00ed \u0161t\u00edpac\u00edch kle\u0161t\u00ed \u2013 zahradnick\u00fdch n\u016f\u017eek do pot\u00e1p\u011b\u010dsk\u00e9 v\u00fdstroje, co\u017e se posl\u00e9ze osv\u011bd\u010dilo i v\u00a0podm\u00ednk\u00e1ch Baltsk\u00fdch vrak\u016f.<\/p>\n

Jako jeden z\u00a0prvn\u00edch za\u010d\u00edn\u00e1 pou\u017e\u00edvat podvodn\u00ed sk\u016ftr, t\u0159\u00edlahvovou konfiguraci na z\u00e1dech a v\u00a0roce 1978 dosahuje v Blautopfu m\u00edsta zvan\u00e9ho Kartoffeldu\u201cse.<\/p>\n

V\u00a0listopadu 1980 za\u010d\u00edn\u00e1 pou\u017e\u00edvat konfiguraci 4x20lt a p\u0159ekon\u00e1v\u00e1 prvn\u00edch d\u00e9lkov\u00fdch 1000m.<\/p>\n

Dne 4. 11. 1985 se, po p\u0159ekon\u00e1n\u00ed 1250m zatopen\u00e9 chodby \u2013 sifonu, Jochen vyno\u0159uje ve velk\u00e9 such\u00e9 prosto\u0159e, kterou nazval M\u201corikedom. P\u0159i ponoru prov\u00e1d\u00ed filmov\u00e1n\u00ed, m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed v\u010detn\u011b vertik\u00e1ln\u00edch m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed v\u00fd\u0161ky such\u00fdch prostor za pomoc\u00ed bal\u00f3nku nafouknut\u00e9ho Heliem. P\u0159i pohledu na jeho v\u00fdstroj, \u010d\u00edtaj\u00edc\u00ed jednu 16mm a dv\u011b 8mm filmov\u00e9 kamery, jedno t\u011blo sk\u016ftru slou\u017e\u00edc\u00ed jako kanystr akumul\u00e1tor\u016f ke sv\u011btl\u016fm a kdy cel\u00fd komplex v\u00fdstroje je ta\u017een sk\u016ftrem Aquazepp TS 714, se \u010dlov\u011bku zdr\u00e1h\u00e1 uv\u011b\u0159it, \u017ee se cel\u00fd kolos v\u016fbec m\u016f\u017ee pohybovat.<\/p>\n

Selh\u00e1n\u00ed techniky v\u0161ak bylo osudn\u00e9 i tomuto pot\u00e1p\u011b\u010di. P\u0159i nat\u00e1\u010den\u00ed po\u0159adu pro televizi – p\u0159edveden\u00ed hloubkov\u00e9ho ponoru se sm\u011bsemi v\u00a0roce 1989 ve Wolfgangsee do\u0161lo b\u011bhem dekomprese k\u00a0selh\u00e1n\u00ed obou hloubkom\u011br\u016f \u2013 snad star\u00fdch verzi Decobrain\u016f a Jochen upadl do bezv\u011bdom\u00ed. Po l\u00e9\u010db\u011b v\u00a0dekompresn\u00ed komo\u0159e se z\u00a0b\u011bzv\u011bdom\u00ed probral, z\u016fstal v\u0161ak dodnes paraplegick\u00fdm \u2013 m\u00e1 obrnu obou doln\u00edch kon\u010detin. V\u00a0pot\u00e1p\u011bn\u00ed pokra\u010duje nad\u00e1le \u2013 od roku 1996 v\u00a0ponorce Speleonaut. Tato ponorka m\u00e1 konstruk\u010dn\u00ed maxim\u00e1ln\u00ed opera\u010dn\u00ed hloubku 180m, Jochen s\u00a0n\u00ed sestoupil v\u00a0Bodamsk\u00e9m jeze\u0159e do hloubky 105m. V\u00a0jeskyni Blautopf\u00a0 se dostal s ponorkou do vzd\u00e1lenosti 80m do nitra jeskyn\u011b, kde pozoroval krasovou typologii podzemn\u00ed \u0159eky.<\/p>\n

Jochen je tv\u016frcem velmi kontraverzn\u00edho pojedn\u00e1n\u00ed o geologick\u00fdch pom\u011brech v\u00a0dan\u00e9 oblasti, o mno\u017estv\u00ed miner\u00e1ln\u00edch pramen\u016f a hlavn\u011b o st\u00e1\u0159\u00ed cel\u00e9ho krasu. Uva\u017euje se o dob\u011b okolo 25 milion\u016f let.<\/p>\n

Sv\u011bt tak p\u0159i\u0161el o jednu z\u00a0nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00edch postav jeskynn\u00edho pot\u00e1p\u011bn\u00ed. Jeho koncepce s\u00f3loponor\u016f je ji\u017e dnes p\u0159ekon\u00e1na a mohla by budit zbyte\u010dn\u00e9 polemiky, kter\u00e9 v\u00a0p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b Jochena Hasenmayera v\u0161ak nejsou a nikdy nebudou zcela jist\u011b na m\u00edst\u011b.<\/p>\n

Dal\u0161\u00ed objevy v\u00a0jeskyni Blautopf na sebe nechaj\u00ed \u010dekat cel\u00fdch12let. Od roku 1997 za\u010d\u00edn\u00e1 dal\u0161\u00ed f\u00e1ze v\u00fdzkumu pod veden\u00edm zn\u00e1m\u00e9ho jesky\u0148\u00e1\u0159e J\u201curgena Bohnerta, kter\u00e1 trv\u00e1 dosud. Skupin\u011b, ve kter\u00e9 jsou Andreas K\u201cucha, Salvatore Busche, Jochen Malmann, Michael K\u201cuhn a dal\u0161\u00ed se da\u0159\u00ed n\u00e1sledn\u011b objevovat rozs\u00e1hl\u00e9 such\u00e9 prostory za M\u201corikedomem. K proplav\u00e1n\u00ed sifonu pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed rebreathery (pasivn\u00ed SCR \u2013 r\u016fzn\u00e9 klony RB 80) a k\u00a0transportu DPV sk\u016ftry \u2013 od Aquazepp\u016f a\u017e po Gavin, Silent \u010di Multitec.<\/p>\n

Such\u00e9 prostory jsou dle fotodokumentace n\u00e1dhern\u00e9 \u2013 velmi \u010dlenit\u00e9 \u010d\u00e1sti such\u00e9 jeskyn\u011b obsahuj\u00ed tak\u00e9 aktivn\u00ed vodn\u00ed tok s\u00a0vodop\u00e1dy a vertik\u00e1lama. V bahnit\u00fdch naplavenin\u00e1ch na\u0161li jesky\u0148\u00e1\u0159i zkamen\u011blou kostru kuny. Co se t\u00fd\u010de sekund\u00e1rn\u00edch krasov\u00fdch tvar\u016f, t\u011bch se v jeskyni nach\u00e1z\u00ed mnoho druh\u016f \u2013 od tenk\u00fdch br\u010dek a heliktit\u016f, p\u0159es sintrov\u00e9 n\u00e1lety a terasy, z\u00e1v\u011bsy, r\u016fznotvar\u00e9 stalagmity a stalaktity a\u017e po velk\u00e9 stalagn\u00e1ty \u2013 sloupy. Zaj\u00edmav\u00e1 m\u00edsta dost\u00e1vaj\u00ed zaj\u00edmav\u00e9 n\u00e1zvy – Matrix, Merlin, Avalon, Apokalypse, Stairway to Heaven.<\/p>\n

Posledn\u00ed zmi\u0148ovan\u00e9 m\u00edsto vykazuje nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed p\u0159ev\u00fd\u0161en\u00ed \u2013 zm\u011b\u0159en\u00e1 v\u00fd\u0161ka je 578m n m., co\u017e je v\u00fd\u0161kov\u00fd rozd\u00edl 66m oproti jez\u00edrku Blautopf.<\/p>\n

D\u00e1le se jesky\u0148\u00e1\u0159i v\u011bnuj\u00ed pr\u016fzkumu v\u00a0polovin\u011b cesty k\u00a0M\u201corikedomu, v m\u00edst\u011b zvan\u00e9m Wolkenschloss vystupuj\u00ed na hladinu jez\u00edrka, za kter\u00fdm se nach\u00e1zej\u00ed dal\u0161\u00ed rozs\u00e1hl\u00e9 such\u00e9 prostory \u2013 Vetterh\u201cohle a Walhalla.<\/p>\n

Doba jesky\u0148\u00e1\u0159\u016f v\u00a0podzem\u00ed se prodlu\u017euje , a\u017e v\u00a0roce 2008 \u2013 v\u00a0\u010dervenci a z\u00e1\u0159\u00ed stav\u00ed explora\u010dn\u00ed skupina v\u00a0such\u00fdch prostor\u00e1ch dva bivakovac\u00ed t\u00e1bory. Prodlu\u017euj\u00ed d\u00e9lku zmapovan\u00e9 jeskyn\u011b a\u017e na 6543m, co\u017e Blautopf stav\u00ed na m\u00edsto 7. nejdel\u0161\u00ed jeskyn\u011b v\u00a0N\u011bmecku.<\/p>\n

Blautopf pat\u0159\u00ed zcela jist\u011b mezi velmi v\u00fdznamn\u00e9 zatopen\u00e9 jeskynn\u00ed syst\u00e9my v\u00a0Evrop\u011b a v\u00a0N\u011bmecku je to ur\u010dit\u011b nejzn\u00e1m\u011bj\u0161\u00ed zatopen\u00e1 jeskyn\u011b,kde se psala historie evropsk\u00e9ho jeskynn\u00edho pot\u00e1p\u011bn\u00ed.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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MUDr. David Skoumal \u2013\u00a0 ASTD Training Director   Po stop\u00e1ch objev\u016f evropsk\u00fdch zatopen\u00fdch jeskynn\u00edch syst\u00e9m\u016f N\u011bmecko \u00a0– \u00a0Blautopf Nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed n\u011bmeck\u00fd zatopen\u00fd jeskynn\u00ed syst\u00e9m, nach\u00e1zej\u00edc\u00ed se v nedaleko Ulmu v oblasti poho\u0159\u00ed Schwa\u201cbischen Alb. Ve starobyl\u00e9m m\u011bste\u010dku Blaubeuren se nach\u00e1z\u00ed p\u0159\u00edmo proti kostelu modr\u00e9 jez\u00edrko s\u00a0vyv\u011braj\u00edc\u00ed vodou \u2013 Blautopf (nadmo\u0159sk\u00e1 v\u00fd\u0161ka 512m n m.) Vyv\u011braj\u00edc\u00ed voda […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":4387,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[20],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-4386","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-jeskyne"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/astd.eu\/pl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4386","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/astd.eu\/pl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/astd.eu\/pl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/astd.eu\/pl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/astd.eu\/pl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=4386"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/astd.eu\/pl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4386\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/astd.eu\/pl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=4386"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/astd.eu\/pl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=4386"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/astd.eu\/pl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=4386"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}