MUDr. David Skoumal \u2013\u00a0 ASTD Training Director<\/p>\n
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Florida \u2013 Historie jeskynn\u00edho pot\u00e1p\u011bn\u00ed v\u00a0USA\u00a0 <\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n \u010c\u00e1st druh\u00e1\u00a0 <\/u>\u201eGolden Age\u201c<\/strong> – Zlat\u00e1 l\u00e9ta jeskynn\u00edho pot\u00e1p\u011bn\u00ed\u00a0 na Florid\u011b L\u00e9ta 1970 -1985<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n <\/p>\n Na sc\u00e9n\u011b floridsk\u00e9ho jeskynn\u00edho pot\u00e1p\u011bn\u00ed se v\u00a0tomto obdob\u00ed objevuj\u00ed nov\u00e1 jm\u00e9na, p\u0159ich\u00e1z\u00ed nov\u00e1 technika a doch\u00e1z\u00ed k\u00a0rapidn\u00edmu posunu v\u00a0d\u00e9lce explorac\u00ed \u010di v maxim\u00e1ln\u00ed dosa\u017een\u00e9 hloubce.Floridsk\u00e1 sc\u00e9na se st\u00e1v\u00e1 z\u00e1hy v\u016fd\u010d\u00ed ve sv\u011btov\u00e9m m\u011b\u0159\u00edtku.Spousta technick\u00fdch novinek z\u00a0t\u00e9to doby se pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 dodnes, mnoho pot\u00e1p\u011b\u010d\u016f dnes v\u016fbec netu\u0161\u00ed kdo, kdy,kde, pro\u010d a jak p\u0159i\u0161el s\u00a0n\u011bjakou p\u0159evratnou novinkou, kter\u00e1 p\u0159isp\u011bla hlavn\u011b \u00a0bezpe\u010dnosti pot\u00e1p\u011bn\u00ed u\u017e t\u0159eba t\u00edm, \u017ee byla spolehliv\u00e1 a proto se pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 b\u011b\u017en\u011b dodnes.<\/p>\n Rok 1970 je p\u0159elomov\u00fd \u2013 jak na Florid\u011b, tak i v\u00a0bl\u00edzk\u00e9m okol\u00ed.Na Florid\u011b se protahuj\u00ed d\u00e9lky pr\u016fnik\u016f, spojuj\u00ed se v\u00fdznamn\u00e9 \u00faseky zn\u00e1m\u00fdch syst\u00e9m\u016f \u2013 Tom Mount a Frank Martz propojuj\u00ed Olsen a Challenge Sink v\u00a0Peacock Springs, d\u00e1le Tom s\u00a0Ike Akirou Ikeharou traverzuj\u00ed na vzd\u00e1lenost 4000 stop( 1200m) z\u00a0Olsen Sink do Orange Grove Sink v\u00a0tomto syst\u00e9mu.<\/p>\n Sheck Exley a Court Smith poprv\u00e9 prov\u00e1d\u011bj\u00ed ponor s\u00a0postupov\u00fdmi l\u00e1hvemi<\/strong> (stage)<\/strong> , kter\u00fd Tom Mount naz\u00fdv\u00e1 \u201e staging\u201c. Vsrpnu Sheck Exley a Joe Prosser vytv\u00e1\u0159ej\u00ed nov\u00fd US hloubkov\u00fd rekord se vzduchem v\u00a0Mystery Sink do hloubky 325stop (99m).<\/p>\n Hal Watts zkou\u0161\u00ed zde ponor s\u00a0Helioxem ( Helium a Kysl\u00edk)<\/strong>, kter\u00fd v\u0161ak kon\u010d\u00ed vznikem DCS \u2013 dekompresn\u00ed choroby.V t\u00e9 dob\u011b neexistuj\u00ed \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9 dekompresn\u00ed procedury pro ponory s\u00a0Heliov\u00fdmi sm\u011bsemi pro tak kr\u00e1tk\u00e9 \u010dasy na dn\u011b. Je to zcela odli\u0161n\u00e1 problematika, ne\u017e je pracovn\u00ed satura\u010dn\u00ed pot\u00e1p\u011bn\u00ed s\u00a0dlouh\u00fdmi \u010dasy na dn\u011b.<\/p>\n Jacques Yves Cousteau a pos\u00e1dka lodi Calypso zam\u00ed\u0159\u00ed k\u00a0Baham\u00e1m \u2013 k ostrovu Andros, kde profesor George Benjamin ve spolupr\u00e1ci s\u00a0Tomem Mountem, Dickem Williamsem ,Frankem Martzem,Jimem Lockwoodem prov\u00e1d\u00ed\u00a0 pr\u016fzkumy modr\u00fdch d\u011br \u2013 Blue Holes.Skupin\u011b floridsk\u00fdch jeskynn\u00edch pot\u00e1p\u011b\u010d\u016f se moc nel\u00edb\u00ed sou\u010dasn\u00fd syst\u00e9m spojen\u00ed dvou lahv\u00ed a tak jak to ob\u010das b\u00fdv\u00e1 u p\u0159evratn\u00fdch objev\u016f,zauva\u017euj\u00ed mimo jin\u00e9 nad my\u0161lenkou funk\u010dn\u00edho propojen\u00ed lahv\u00ed s\u00a0v\u00fdvody na v\u00edce regul\u00e1tor\u016f.Ike Akira Ikehara to h\u00e1\u017ee na pap\u00edr a George Benjamin d\u00e1v\u00e1 skicu Tomovi Mc Cullamovi, kter\u00fd vyrob\u00ed prvn\u00ed funk\u010dn\u00ed m\u016fstek-speleopropojku (Benjamin Crossover)<\/strong> dvou lahv\u00ed s\u00a0nez\u00e1visl\u00fdmi v\u00fdstupy na dva regul\u00e1tory. S\u00a0podobnou koncepc\u00ed p\u0159ich\u00e1z\u00ed ve stejn\u00e9 dob\u011b\u00a0 jeskynn\u00ed pot\u00e1p\u011b\u010d z\u00a0Ji\u017en\u00ed Karol\u00edny Ed Dixon.Tato propojka je opravdu zlomov\u00e1 ,s\u00a0minim\u00e1ln\u00ed \u00fapravou v\u00a0designu v\u00fdvod\u016f a jin\u00e9ho um\u00edst\u011bn\u00ed prim\u00e1rn\u00edho a z\u00e1lo\u017en\u00edho regul\u00e1toru n\u00e1sledn\u011b,se pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 dodnes. Umo\u017e\u0148uje v\u00a0p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b selh\u00e1n\u00ed jednoho regul\u00e1toru uzav\u0159\u00edt k\u00a0n\u011bmu p\u0159\u00edvod s t\u00edm,\u017ee d\u00e1le z\u016fst\u00e1v\u00e1 funk\u010dn\u00ed druh\u00fd regul\u00e1tor a k\u00a0dispozici je cel\u00e1 z\u00e1soba plynu.Pozd\u011bji p\u0159ibude v\u00a090.l\u00e9tech jen prost\u0159edn\u00ed Iso valve\u00a0 \u2013 izola\u010dn\u00ed ventil na propojce, a cel\u00e9 propojce se dnes \u0159\u00edk\u00e1 Iso Manifold.<\/strong><\/p>\n Tom Mount se st\u00e1v\u00e1 vedouc\u00edm expedice pot\u00e1p\u011b\u010d\u016f z lodi Calypso do modr\u00fdch d\u011br.<\/p>\n J.Y. Cousteau zde nat\u00e1\u010d\u00ed\u00a0 film Secrets of the Sunken Caves o tajemstv\u00ed modr\u00fdch d\u011br a jeskyn\u00ed.<\/p>\n Z\u00a0aktivity instruktor\u016f NACD vzejde instalace fixn\u00edch \u0161\u0148\u016fr<\/strong> ve frekventovan\u00fdch popul\u00e1rn\u00edch floridsk\u00fdch\u00a0 lokalit\u00e1ch.<\/p>\n Sheck Exley a Frank Martz s\u00a0Bobem Friedmanem vytv\u00e1\u0159ej\u00ed prvn\u00ed mapy<\/strong> na z\u00e1klad\u011b p\u0159esn\u00e9ho m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed azimut\u016f, d\u00e9lek, hloubek atd. a o rok pozd\u011bji p\u00ed\u0161\u00ed prvn\u00ed manu\u00e1l – Mapping Underwater caves.<\/p>\n V\u00a0roce 1971 Bob Friedman poprv\u00e9 pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 p\u0159\u00edstroj\u00a0 2×104 cuft (2x 15lt).<\/p>\n Objevuj\u00ed se prvn\u00ed komer\u010dn\u011b vyr\u00e1b\u011bn\u00e9 BCD kompenz\u00e1tory<\/strong>\u00a0 vztlaku <\/strong>ve tvaru z\u00e1chrann\u00fdch vest, nafukovan\u00fdch z\u00a0mal\u00fdch tlakov\u00fdch lahvi\u010dek( o objemu 0,3 \u2013 0,5lt). Dal\u0161\u00ed modely byly ve tvaru ta\u0161ky na b\u0159i\u0161e \u201e belly bag\u201c.<\/p>\n Frank Martz a Ike Akira Ikehara vytvo\u0159\u00ed dal\u0161\u00ed p\u0159evratnou pom\u016fcku \u2013Infl\u00e1tor BCD<\/strong> propojen\u00fd s\u00a0regul\u00e1torem.Frank nav\u00edc za\u010d\u00edn\u00e1 pou\u017e\u00edvat m\u00edsto klasick\u00e9ho velk\u00e9ho pot\u00e1p\u011b\u010dsk\u00e9ho no\u017ee mal\u00fd model no\u017ee<\/strong> uchycen\u00fd na pa\u017ei, kter\u00fd je daleko l\u00e9pe dosa\u017eiteln\u00fd zejm\u00e9na v\u00a0mal\u00fdch st\u00edsn\u011bn\u00fdch prostor\u00e1ch \u2013 restrikc\u00edch. O n\u011bco pozd\u011bji se za\u010dal pou\u017e\u00edvat i tzv. Z\u00a0knife \u2013<\/strong> h\u00e1kov\u00fd n\u016f\u017e, pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00fd u para\u0161utist\u016f, kter\u00fd se hlavn\u011b osv\u011bd\u010dil pro bezpe\u010dn\u00e9 p\u0159e\u0159\u00edznut\u00ed tenk\u00e9 jeskynn\u00ed \u0161\u0148\u016fry mimo zorn\u00e9ho pole pot\u00e1p\u011b\u010de.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n Sheck , John Harper,Jim Lockwood protahuj\u00ed d\u00e9lky pr\u016fnik\u016f v\u00a0Peacock a Devil \u00b4s<\/p>\n V\u00a0z\u00e1\u0159\u00ed v\u0161ak doch\u00e1z\u00ed ke dv\u011bma trag\u00e9di\u00edm \u2013 Jim Lockwood bere s\u00a0sebou do modr\u00e9 d\u00edry a jeskyn\u011b na Baham\u00e1ch nov\u00e1\u010dka Johna Carcelle, kter\u00fd zde zpanika\u0159\u00ed a utone.Druh\u00fd den jeho t\u011blo vytahuje spole\u010dn\u011b s\u00a0Tomem Mountem a oba mohou poprv\u00e9 spat\u0159it, co d\u011bl\u00e1 pot\u00e1p\u011b\u010d v\u00a0panice p\u0159ed utonut\u00edm.Za t\u00fdden v\u0161ak doch\u00e1z\u00ed v\u00a0t\u00e9to Blue Hole #4 k dal\u0161\u00ed trag\u00e9dii .Na sestup se chystaj\u00ed dv\u011b dvojice. Tom Mount a\u00a0 Zidi Goldstein natahuj\u00ed novou \u0161\u0148\u016fru v\u00a0severn\u00ed v\u011btvi t\u00e9to jeskyn\u011b. Dvojice Martz\/ Lockwood pronik\u00e1 4.9.1971 p\u0159es restrikci do hloubky 325 stop (99m),zde v\u0161ak dojde ke ztr\u00e1t\u011b viditelnosti zv\u00ed\u0159en\u00edm kalu. Dvojice ztr\u00e1c\u00ed vizu\u00e1ln\u00ed kontrolu, Lockwood se vrac\u00ed v\u00a0domn\u011bn\u00ed, \u017ee Frank u\u017e vystoupil p\u0159ed n\u00edm.Jin\u00e1 verze je, \u017ee Jim \u010dekal v\u00a0restrikci p\u00e1r minut na Franka,kter\u00fd sestoupil dol\u016f, pak jej n\u00e1sledoval a na\u0161el jen u\u0159\u00edznutou \u0161\u0148\u016fru voln\u011b vis\u00edc\u00ed v\u00a0hloubce 325stop (99m) do modr\u00e9 pr\u00e1zdnoty.Tom p\u0159i n\u00e1vratu potk\u00e1v\u00e1 samotn\u00e9ho Jima,vrac\u00ed se po jejich \u0161\u0148\u016f\u0159e a sna\u017e\u00ed se naj\u00edt Franka, ale bohu\u017eel mal\u00e1 z\u00e1soba zb\u00fdvaj\u00edc\u00edho vzduchu\u00a0 jej p\u0159inut\u00ed k\u00a0n\u00e1vratu . Frank Martz se nevyno\u0159il a jeho t\u011blo nebylo nikdy nalezeno. Skute\u010dn\u00e1 p\u0159\u00ed\u010dina t\u00e9to nehody nebyla nikdy objasn\u011bna. Nab\u00edz\u00ed se domn\u011bnka , \u017ee Frank poprv\u00e9 pou\u017eil nov\u00fd p\u0159\u00edstroj 2x104ft( 2x15lt), kter\u00fd byl t\u011b\u017e\u0161\u00ed, ne\u017e jeho p\u0159edchoz\u00ed, na kter\u00fd byl zvykl\u00fd. D\u00e1le m\u011bl jen vr\u0161ek mokr\u00e9ho obleku,tak\u017ee \u0161el do vody p\u0159et\u00ed\u017een.Hloubkov\u00e9 opojen\u00ed a vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed fyzick\u00e1 n\u00e1maha mohly v\u00e9st k\u00a0fat\u00e1ln\u00ed kombinaci. Sheck se pokou\u0161el naj\u00edt Frankovo t\u011blo, popisuje rozd\u00edln\u00fd charakter chodeb a p\u0159ipou\u0161t\u00ed i z\u0159\u00edcen\u00ed sediment\u016f na Franka. D\u00e1le se jedn\u00e1 o mo\u0159skou jeskyni s\u00a0p\u0159\u00edlivov\u00fdmi proudy, proto se t\u011blo nikdy nena\u0161lo.Tato smrt \u0161okovala celou komunitu floridsk\u00fdch jeskynn\u00edch pot\u00e1p\u011b\u010d\u016f , proto\u017ee Frank byl jedn\u00edm z\u00a0nejzku\u0161en\u011bj\u0161\u00edch pot\u00e1p\u011b\u010d\u016f, instruktor\u016f a z\u00e1rove\u0148 training director \u2013 vedouc\u00ed v\u00fdcviku NACD.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n Smrteln\u00e1 nehoda tak zku\u0161en\u00e9ho jeskynn\u00edho pot\u00e1p\u011b\u010de vede k\u00a0zamy\u0161len\u00ed nad pou\u017eit\u00edm vzduchu v\u00a0jeskyn\u00edch do tak velk\u00fdch hloubek . N\u00e1sleduj\u00ed hloubkov\u00e9 pokusy ve voln\u00e9 vod\u011b, rovn\u011b\u017e\u00a0 zde na bahamsk\u00e9m ostrov\u011b Andros.Archie Forfar se sna\u017eil posunout hloubky za ka\u017edou cenu, deep water blackout ( n\u00e1hl\u00e1 ztr\u00e1ta v\u011bdom\u00ed p\u0159i dus\u00edkov\u00e9 nark\u00f3ze) \u0159e\u0161il t\u00edm, \u017ee p\u0159i v\u00fdpadku v\u011bdom\u00ed prvn\u00edho,ostatn\u00ed odhodili jeho z\u00e1te\u017e a zah\u00e1jili v\u00fdstup. V\u00a0mal\u00e9 hloubce se v\u011bdom\u00ed op\u011bt navr\u00e1tilo a pokud ne ,\u010dekal zde jist\u00edc\u00ed t\u00fdm. 11.12.1971 se skupina ve kter\u00e9 byli mimo jin\u00e9 Sheck, Jim Lockwood,Randy Hylton pokusila o hloubkov\u00e9 sestupy se vzduchem. Sheck dos\u00e1hl hloubky 465 stop ( 142m). Randy a Jim ukon\u010dili sestup v\u00a0hloubce 400 stop (122m) p\u0159i te\u017ek\u00fdch p\u0159\u00edznac\u00edch hloubkov\u00e9ho opojen\u00ed se ztr\u00e1tou vid\u011bn\u00ed. Sestup p\u0159e\u017eili bez n\u00e1sledk\u016f. Bohu\u017eel dvojice Archie Forfar a jeho p\u0159\u00edtelkyn\u011b Anne Gunderson nezastavila sestup d\u00edky ztr\u00e1t\u011b v\u011bdom\u00ed a utonula. Ponorka Alvin je objevila na svahu v\u00a0hloubce 1000 stop (305m), bohu\u017eel je nemohla vyt\u00e1hnout d\u00edky absenci mechanick\u00e9 ruky.<\/p>\n Randy Hylton zahynul o rok pozd\u011bji v\u00a0Eagle\u00b4s Nest p\u0159i s\u00f3loponoru v\u00a0hloubce 150stop (46m),pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b na srde\u010dn\u00ed z\u00e1stavu v\u00a0kombinaci se stresovou situac\u00ed po zamot\u00e1n\u00ed do \u0161\u0148\u016fry.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n V\u00a0roce 1972 Ray Elman za\u010dne jako prvn\u00ed pou\u017e\u00edvat dlouhou hadici<\/strong> k\u00a0octopusu, pozd\u011bji Sheck dlouhou hadici pou\u017eije pro\u00a0prim\u00e1rn\u00ed regul\u00e1tor. Nejd\u0159\u00edve 5 stopou, kter\u00e1 se z\u00e1hy prodlu\u017euje p\u0159i sk\u016ftrov\u00e1n\u00ed a pro \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed sd\u00edlen\u00ed vzduchu v\u00a0restrikc\u00edch na 7 stop ( cca 210cm). Je to dal\u0161\u00ed p\u0159elomov\u00e1 \u010d\u00e1st v\u00fdstroje pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00e1 dodnes.<\/p>\n Tom Mount p\u00ed\u0161e v\u00a0roce 1972 prvn\u00ed NACD manu\u00e1l jeskynn\u00edho pot\u00e1p\u011bn\u00ed Cave Diving Manual<\/strong>, a o rok pozd\u011bji dal\u0161\u00ed – Safe Cave Diving,<\/strong> kde p\u0159isp\u00edv\u00e1 mnoho dal\u0161\u00edch zku\u0161en\u00fdch jeskynn\u00edch pot\u00e1p\u011b\u010d\u016f(Exley,Dickens..).Je to prvn\u00ed opravdov\u00e1 u\u010debnice s\u00a0transferem zku\u0161enost\u00ed od v\u00edce autor\u016f.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n Sheck Exley je prvn\u00edm pot\u00e1p\u011b\u010dem s\u00a01000 ponor\u016f v\u00a0jeskyn\u00edch .D\u00e1le se protahuj\u00ed op\u011bt d\u00e9lky pr\u016fnik\u016f \u2013 nap\u0159\u00edklad traverz Johna Harpera z\u00a0Orange Grove do Waterhole #3 je ji\u017e dlouh\u00fd 7040 stop- 2146m.<\/p>\n V\u00a0technice se objevil nov\u00fd model bubnu s\u00a0rukojet\u00ed v\u00a0tvaru L<\/strong> z\u00a0d\u00edlny velmi zku\u0161en\u00e9ho pot\u00e1p\u011b\u010de Dany Turner( t\u010d. vedouc\u00edho v\u00fdcviku NACD).<\/p>\n V\u00a0roce 1974 je zalo\u017eena dal\u0161\u00ed v\u00fdznamn\u00e1 organizace a to Cave Diving Section of the National Speleological Society ( NSS-CDS)<\/strong>, Sheck je jej\u00edm prvn\u00edm v\u00fdkonn\u00fdm \u0159editelem.<\/p>\n Organizace byla pojata v\u00edce demokraticky, ne\u017e NACD a v\u00edce otev\u0159ena do sv\u011bta.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n DPV ( Diver\u00b4s Propulsion Vehicles)<\/strong>– sk\u016ftry jsou poprv\u00e9 pou\u017eity ve Woodville Karst Plain a to Bobem Goodmanem a Texem Chalkleym. Na Baham\u00e1ch je pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 i skupina prof.Benjamina. Jsou to v\u00fdrobky firmy Farallon .Kupodivu ve stejnou dobu v\u00a0Evrop\u011b Jochen Hasenmayer poprv\u00e9 pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 sk\u016ftr n\u00e1m zn\u00e1m\u00e9ho mnichovsk\u00e9ho v\u00fdrobce Josefa Ruprechta Aquazepp ve \u0161v\u00fdcarsk\u00e9 jeskyni Rinquelle Resurgence. O n\u011bco pozd\u011bji Sheck a John Zumrick uprav\u00ed model Mk7 \u2013 pou\u017eij\u00ed olov\u011bn\u00e9 baterie, kter\u00e9 maj\u00ed v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed kapacitu a t\u00edm prodlou\u017e\u00ed dobu pou\u017eitelnosti. Jak Farallon Mk 7, tak Aquazepp 714 TS umo\u017e\u0148uj\u00ed polohu pot\u00e1p\u011b\u010de nad sk\u016ftrem a ta\u017een\u00ed speci\u00e1ln\u00edm sedlem. Ostatn\u00ed mus\u00edte dr\u017eet za rukojeti v\u00a0zadn\u00ed \u010d\u00e1sti t\u011bla sk\u016ftru.<\/p>\n Zanedlouho v\u0161ak sk\u016ftry Aquazepp se roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159\u00ed do cel\u00e9ho sv\u011bta a nakonec i zde na Florid\u011b sehraj\u00ed v\u00fdznamnou roli ve velk\u00fdch projektech.<\/p>\n A\u017e mnohem pozd\u011bji se vytvo\u0159\u00ed koncepce ovl\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed jednou rukou a ta\u017een\u00ed za p\u0159edn\u00ed D krou\u017eek mezino\u017en\u00edho popruhu \u2013 jak ji zn\u00e1me u sk\u016ftr\u016f Gavin,Silent,Zuexo aj. ,kdy pot\u00e1p\u011b\u010d je v\u00edce vzadu a m\u00e1 tedy ni\u017e\u0161\u00ed profil.<\/p>\n Za\u010d\u00edn\u00e1 motorizovan\u00e1 doba jeskynn\u00edho pot\u00e1p\u011bn\u00ed, nebo\u0165 pouze zde v\u00a0zatopen\u00fdch jeskyn\u00edch maj\u00ed DPV sk\u016ftry opravdov\u00fd v\u00fdznam. D\u00edky nim se d\u00e9lky pr\u016fnik\u016f za\u010d\u00ednaj\u00ed posouvat m\u00edlov\u00fdmi kroky. Spot\u0159eba pot\u00e1p\u011b\u010de na sk\u016ftru je stejn\u00e1 jako spot\u0159eba pot\u00e1p\u011b\u010de v\u00a0klidu a rychlost se zv\u011bt\u0161uje na 3-4km\/hod. Doba pou\u017eitelnosti se postupn\u011b prodlu\u017euje jak zv\u011bt\u0161ov\u00e1n\u00edm d\u00e9lky sk\u016ftru a zvy\u0161ov\u00e1n\u00edm po\u010dtu bateri\u00ed, tak i nov\u00fdmi typy bateri\u00ed.<\/p>\n Kdo se svezl na dobr\u00e9m sk\u016ftru m\u016f\u017ee popsat obdobn\u00e9 pocity p\u011b\u0161\u00e1ka,kter\u00fd si sedne na motorku.<\/p>\n V\u00fdvoj ukazuje, \u017ee jesky\u0148\u00e1\u0159i jej tla\u010d\u00ed kup\u0159edu m\u00edlov\u00fdmi kroky- a to ve v\u0161ech oblastech.Od maxim\u00e1ln\u00edch hloubek po dosa\u017een\u00e9 vzd\u00e1lenosti a to s\u00a0podporou vlastn\u00ed navr\u017een\u00e9 techniky.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n [av_gallery ids=’4508,4509,4510,4511,4512,4513,4514,4515,4516,4517′ style=’thumbnails‘ preview_size=’portfolio‘ crop_big_preview_thumbnail=’avia-gallery-big-crop-thumb‘ thumb_size=’square‘ columns=’4′ imagelink=’lightbox‘ lazyload=’avia_lazyload‘]<\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" MUDr. David Skoumal \u2013\u00a0 ASTD Training Director Florida \u2013 Historie jeskynn\u00edho pot\u00e1p\u011bn\u00ed v\u00a0USA\u00a0 \u010c\u00e1st druh\u00e1\u00a0 \u201eGolden Age\u201c – Zlat\u00e1 l\u00e9ta jeskynn\u00edho pot\u00e1p\u011bn\u00ed\u00a0 na Florid\u011b L\u00e9ta 1970 -1985 Na sc\u00e9n\u011b floridsk\u00e9ho jeskynn\u00edho pot\u00e1p\u011bn\u00ed se v\u00a0tomto obdob\u00ed objevuj\u00ed nov\u00e1 jm\u00e9na, p\u0159ich\u00e1z\u00ed nov\u00e1 technika a doch\u00e1z\u00ed k\u00a0rapidn\u00edmu posunu v\u00a0d\u00e9lce explorac\u00ed \u010di v maxim\u00e1ln\u00ed dosa\u017een\u00e9 hloubce.Floridsk\u00e1 sc\u00e9na […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":4412,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[20],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-4410","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-jeskyne"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/astd.eu\/pl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4410","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/astd.eu\/pl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/astd.eu\/pl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/astd.eu\/pl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/astd.eu\/pl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=4410"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/astd.eu\/pl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4410\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/astd.eu\/pl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=4410"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/astd.eu\/pl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=4410"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/astd.eu\/pl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=4410"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}