MUDr. David Skoumal \u2013\u00a0 ASTD Training Director<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
Florida \u2013 Historie jeskynn\u00edho pot\u00e1p\u011bn\u00ed v\u00a0USA\u00a0 <\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n \u010c\u00e1st t\u0159et\u00ed 1985 \u2013 1990<\/strong><\/p>\n \u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n Nov\u00e9 pohledy na v\u00fdpo\u010det dekomprese<\/strong><\/p>\n Polovina 80.let je ve znamen\u00ed nov\u00e9ho know how pro pot\u00e1p\u011bn\u00ed se sm\u011bsemi a nov\u00e9ho pohledu na v\u00fdpo\u010det dekomprese. Z\u00a0Evropy se dost\u00e1v\u00e1 do USA publikace Alberta Buhlmanna o Dekompresi a Dekompresn\u00ed chorob\u011b, spole\u010dn\u011b s\u00a0nov\u00fdm algoritmem v\u00fdpo\u010dtu. Tento nahrazuje Haldane\u016fv z\u00a0po\u010d\u00e1tku 20.stolet\u00ed. Rychle se komer\u010dn\u011b uchytil do podoby tabulek a pozd\u011bji do podoby prvn\u00edch elektronick\u00fdch dekompresmetr\u016f, kter\u00e9 se rychle vyl\u00e9\u010d\u00ed z\u00a0podoby obrovsk\u00fdch p\u0159\u00edstroj\u016f jako je nap\u0159\u00edklad\u00a0 Deco Brain, a jsou skoro stejn\u011b velk\u00e9, jako zn\u00e1m\u00e9 mechanick\u00e9 jednotk\u00e1\u0148ov\u00e9 dekompresmetry. Jedn\u00edm z\u00a0prvn\u00edch je Aladin \u0161v\u00fdcarsk\u00e9 firmy Uwatec, kter\u00fd se \u00faspe\u0161n\u011b pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 dodnes.<\/p>\n Dal\u0161\u00ed je posun know how v\u00a0oblasti sm\u011bsov\u00e9ho pot\u00e1p\u011bn\u00ed. Prvn\u00ed ned\u016fv\u011bra pro d\u00fdch\u00e1n\u00ed sm\u011bs\u00ed s\u00a0H\u00e9liem pomalu opadla , pouze probl\u00e9mem se jev\u00ed n\u00edzk\u00e1 tepeln\u00e1 izolace p\u0159i insuflaci do such\u00e9ho obleku. John Zumrick p\u0159ich\u00e1z\u00ed s\u00a0n\u00e1padem, \u017ee probl\u00e9m spo\u010d\u00edv\u00e1 ve velk\u00e9 tepeln\u00e9 vodivosti H\u00e9lia a proto navrhl insuflaci obleku s\u00a0p\u0159idan\u00e9 mal\u00e9 l\u00e1hve. N\u00e1sledn\u011b se za\u010dal pou\u017e\u00edvat pro insuflaci Argon a tepeln\u00e1 izolace oproti vzduchu se zv\u00fd\u0161ila o 30%.<\/p>\n Dal\u0161\u00ed \u00favaha sm\u011b\u0159uje k\u00a0v\u00fdb\u011bru vhodn\u00e9 d\u00fdchac\u00ed sm\u011bsi do hloubek. Zku\u0161enosti vych\u00e1zej\u00ed prim\u00e1rn\u011b z\u00a0oblasti satura\u010dn\u00edho pot\u00e1p\u011bn\u00ed \u2013 dlouh\u00e9 \u010dasy na dn\u011b a n\u00e1sledn\u00e1 dekomprese je v\u00a0ochrann\u00e9m prostoru dekompresn\u00ed komory. Jsou to pr\u00e1v\u011b zase jen jesky\u0148\u00e1\u0159i,kte\u0159\u00ed potla\u010dili v\u00fdvoj zde kup\u0159edu a to o notn\u00fd kus. Sporadick\u00e9 ponory Hannese Kellera,Maxe Nohla apod. neu\u010dinily rozhodn\u011b ten nejd\u016fle\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00ed krok. Pot\u00e1p\u011b\u010di pot\u0159ebovali opakovan\u011b ov\u011b\u0159it dekompresn\u00ed procedury aplikovateln\u00e9 pro kr\u00e1tk\u00e9 \u010dasy na dn\u011b, bez jak\u00e9koliv povrchov\u00e9 podpory, s\u00a0celou dekompres\u00ed prov\u00e1d\u011bnou ve vod\u011b. Krom\u011b Helioxu ( Helium a Kysl\u00edk) se nab\u00edz\u00ed d\u00e1le Trimix ( Helium,Dus\u00edk a Kysl\u00edk).<\/p>\n Trimix<\/strong><\/p>\n Trimix je dnes nejpou\u017e\u00edvan\u011bj\u0161\u00ed sm\u011bs p\u0159i hloubkov\u00e9m sportovn\u011b-rekrea\u010dn\u00edm pot\u00e1p\u011bn\u00ed, jeho cena je ni\u017e\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e u Helioxu, d\u00e1 se l\u00e9pe nam\u00edchat atd.Poprv\u00e9 byl nam\u00edch\u00e1n v\u00a0roce 1974 na Dukeho univezit\u011b pod veden\u00edm prof.Petera Bennetta.Jeho vyu\u017eit\u00ed je pr\u00e1v\u011b ve sf\u00e9\u0159e sportovn\u011b-rekrea\u010dn\u00edho pot\u00e1p\u011bn\u00ed,kde rychlost sestupu je daleko v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e v\u00a0komer\u010dn\u00edm satura\u010dn\u00edm pot\u00e1p\u011bn\u00ed.<\/p>\n Bill Stone pot\u0159ebuje pro dal\u0161\u00ed explorace v\u00a0roklin\u011b Pe\u0148a Colorada,kde se pokou\u0161\u00ed zdolat Sanagust\u00ednsk\u00fd sifon zespodu, p\u0159\u00edstroje v\u00fdkon\u011bj\u0161\u00ed, ne\u017e je otev\u0159en\u00fd okruh a d\u00e1le navrhuje novou d\u00fdchac\u00ed sm\u011bs \u2013 Trimix 19\/36 ( sm\u011bs obsahuje 19%Kysl\u00edku,36%Helia a 45%Dus\u00edku)<\/p>\n John Zumrick, vynikaj\u00edc\u00ed speleopot\u00e1p\u011b\u010d a \u010dlen Billova t\u00fdmu je nav\u00edc i l\u00e9ka\u0159em, zdravotn\u00edm d\u016fstojn\u00edkem Navy Experimental Diving Unit \u2013Experiment\u00e1ln\u00ed pot\u00e1p\u011b\u010dsk\u00e9 jednotky US NAVY, spo\u010d\u00edt\u00e1 dekompresn\u00ed procedury pro tuto novou sm\u011bs.<\/p>\n Tento Trimix se jev\u00ed optim\u00e1ln\u00ed do hloubek okolo 60metr\u016f s\u00a0kr\u00e1tk\u00fdm \u010dasem na dn\u011b. Rob Parker s\u00a0podporou Billa Stonea, prov\u00e1d\u00ed v\u00a0roce 1985 \u00fasp\u011b\u0161n\u00fd sestup do 68m ve Wookey Hole v\u00a0Anglii. Cel\u00e1 dekomprese byla provedena s\u00a0t\u00edmto bottom mixem ( sm\u011bs\u00ed pro dno) a v\u00a06m s\u00a0kysl\u00edkem.<\/p>\n Pozd\u011bji se postupn\u011b Trimix za\u010d\u00edn\u00e1 u\u017e\u00edvat v\u00a0daleko v\u011bt\u0161\u00edm m\u011b\u0159\u00edtku pr\u00e1v\u011b pro jeskynn\u00ed explorace na Florid\u011b, posl\u00e9ze Baham\u00e1ch,Mexiku,Evrop\u011b… a Bill Stone na popud Johna Zumricka za\u010d\u00edn\u00e1 v\u00e1\u017en\u011b uva\u017eovat o v\u00fdkonn\u00e9m p\u0159\u00edstroji s\u00a0uzav\u0159en\u00fdm okruhem \u2013 rebreatheru.<\/p>\n Nov\u00e9 firmy a \u0161kol\u00edc\u00ed organizace<\/strong><\/p>\n Tak jak vznikaj\u00ed prvn\u00ed firmy specializovan\u00e9 na v\u00fdrobu v\u00fdstroje pro jeskynn\u00ed pot\u00e1p\u011bn\u00ed \u2013 jako je Dive Rite<\/strong> v\u00a0roce 1984(majitel\u00e9 jsou zn\u00e1m\u00ed jeskynn\u00ed pot\u00e1p\u011b\u010di Lamar Hires a Mark Leonard), tak tak\u00e9 vznik\u00e1 pot\u00e1p\u011bn\u00ed se sm\u011bsemi v\u00a0\u0161ir\u0161\u00edm m\u011b\u0159\u00edtku.O rok pozd\u011bji zakl\u00e1d\u00e1 Dick Rutkowski prvn\u00ed \u0161kol\u00edc\u00ed organizaci pro pot\u00e1p\u011bn\u00ed s\u00a0Nitroxem.- IAND <\/strong>\u00a0\u00a0International Association for Nitrox Diving ( nebo International Association of Nitrox Divers).<\/strong><\/p>\n Florid\u0161t\u00ed jesky\u0148\u00e1\u0159i \u00fasp\u011b\u0161n\u011b p\u016fsob\u00ed ve sv\u011bt\u011b. Na Yucat\u00e1nu v\u00a0provincii Quintana Roo doch\u00e1z\u00ed k\u00a0p\u0159ekotn\u00fdm objev\u016fm v\u00a0oblasti nazvan\u00e9 Riviera Maya. Jedn\u00e1 se o nejrozs\u00e1hlej\u0161\u00ed zatopenou krasovou oblast na sv\u011bt\u011b, kde vstupy do podzemn\u00edch syst\u00e9m\u016f jsou studny s\u00a0lok\u00e1ln\u00edm n\u00e1zvem D\u00b4zonot \u2013 Cenot. N\u011bkte\u0159\u00ed jako je Mike Madden \u010di Steve Gerrard natrvalo z\u016fst\u00e1vaj\u00ed v\u00a0Mexiku.<\/p>\n Jedn\u00edm z\u00a0v\u00fdznamn\u00fdch v\u00fdrobk\u016f firmy Dive Rite je k\u0159\u00eddlo Classic Wing<\/strong> z\u00a0roku 1986, velikost\u00ed navr\u017een\u00e9 pro p\u0159\u00edstroj 2x 104 cuft ( 2x15lt) , kter\u00e9 se z\u00e1hy st\u00e1v\u00e1 velmi popul\u00e1rn\u00ed a jeho design je \u010dasto kop\u00edrov\u00e1n.\u00a0 <\/strong><\/p>\n Wakulla Project<\/strong><\/p>\n Wakulla Springs je otev\u0159ena\u00a0 v\u00a0roce l987 pro dal\u0161\u00ed projekt jako je Wakulla Project. US Deep Caving team zde napot\u00e1p\u00ed okolo 400 ponor\u016f, zmapuje okolo 3310 stop -1km nov\u00fdch chodeb s\u00a0hloubkou okolo 90m. Pot\u00e1p\u011b\u010di pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed DPV sk\u016ftry Aquazepp s\u00a0dobou nasazen\u00ed 40-80minut , pro hloubky okolo 90m sm\u011bs Heliox14\/86 a pro dekompresi od hloubky 21m stav\u00ed velk\u00fd v\u00edcemu\u017en\u00fd dekompresn\u00ed stan \u2013 Habitat. Dekompresn\u00ed plyny jsou Nitrox EAN 30 od hloubky 40m, vzduch od hloubky 21m od 6m kysl\u00edk.<\/p>\n Pohodl\u00ed v\u00a0such\u00e9 prosto\u0159e b\u011bhem dekomprese se ji\u017e d\u0159\u00edve uk\u00e1zalo velmi p\u0159\u00ednosn\u00fdm. Ji\u017e mal\u00fd habitat \u201e Habitrof\u201c\u00a0 byl s\u00a0\u00fasp\u011bchem d\u0159\u00edve pou\u017eit v\u00a0Peacock Springs a jin\u00fdch floridsk\u00fdch jeskyn\u00edch.<\/p>\n Trojice pot\u00e1p\u011b\u010d\u016f \u2013 Wes Skilles,Tom Morris a Paul Heinerth provedou n\u00e1ro\u010dn\u00fd 80minutov\u00fd ponor do Tunelu \u201eB\u201c, d\u00e9lka pr\u016fniku je 4176stop-1273m a maxim\u00e1ln\u00ed hloubka je 98m.B\u011bhem sestupu proj\u00ed\u017ed\u011bj\u00ed tzv. Monolith Room, kter\u00e1 je dlouh\u00e1 76m, \u0161irok\u00e1 60m a vysok\u00e1 36m. Ani p\u0159i dokonal\u00e9 viditelnosti v\u00a0\u010dist\u00e9 vod\u011b a s\u00a0pou\u017eit\u00edm nejv\u00fdkonn\u011bj\u0161\u00edch sv\u011btel t\u00e9 doby, nebyli pot\u00e1p\u011b\u010di schopni prostoru nasv\u00edtit tak, aby vid\u011bli od st\u011bny ke st\u011bn\u011b.<\/p>\n Bill Stone ,vedouc\u00ed t\u00e9to expedice, testuje zcela nov\u00fd typ p\u0159\u00edstroje a t\u00edm je eCCR CisLunar <\/strong>Mk I .Tento prvn\u00ed rebreather v\u00e1\u017eil 90kg, pracovn\u011b se naz\u00fdval\u00a0 FRED \u2013Failsafe Rebreather for Exploration Divingn ( Bezporuchov\u00fd Rebreather pro Pot\u00e1p\u011b\u010dsk\u00fd Pr\u016fzkum).<\/p>\n 4.12.1987 str\u00e1vil Bill Stone s\u00a0t\u00edmto p\u0159\u00edstrojem ve Wakulla Springs v\u00a0hloubce 10m cel\u00fdch 24 hodin.<\/p>\n Woodville Karst Plain\u00a0 \u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n Tato oblast okolo m\u011bsta Tallahassee, naz\u00fdvan\u00e1 Woodville Karst Plain, je st\u00e1le v\u00edce popul\u00e1rn\u00ed.<\/p>\n T\u00e9ho\u017e roku Bill Gavin, Bill Hogarth Main,Lamar English a Parker Turner spole\u010dn\u011b d\u00e1le vytv\u00e1\u0159ej\u00ed koncept jeskynn\u00edho pot\u00e1p\u011bn\u00ed s\u00a0p\u016fvodn\u00edm n\u00e1zvem Hogarthian a jejich skupina<\/p>\n se st\u00e1v\u00e1 v\u00a0dan\u00e9m obdob\u00ed z\u00e1hy velmi \u00fasp\u011b\u0161n\u00e1 \u2013 prov\u00e1d\u00ed nejdel\u0161\u00ed a nejhlub\u0161\u00ed traverz mezi Sullivan Sink a Cheryl Sink \u2013 d\u00e9lka 8440stop -2,6km, maxim\u00e1ln\u00ed hloubka 240 stop- 73m, za co\u017e je hodnoceno jako nejv\u00fdznamn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed sestup tohoto roku.Do t\u00fdmu p\u0159ibude Bill Mc Faden,Sherwood Schile a Steve Irving.<\/p>\n Dal\u0161\u00ed akce v\u0161ak pat\u0159\u00ed op\u011bt k\u00a0n\u011b\u0161\u0165astn\u00fdm- instruktor NACD Bill McFaden utone v\u00a0Little Dismal Sink jen 50 stop -15m od v\u00fdchodu po kumulaci v\u00edce faktor\u016f po hloubkov\u00e9m sestupu se vzduchem.Bill Gavin, kter\u00fd mapoval opod\u00e1l, p\u0159i z\u00e1chrann\u00e9 akci s\u00e1m m\u00e1lem p\u0159ijde o \u017eivot.<\/p>\n V\u00a0t\u00e9to zat\u00edm neofici\u00e1ln\u00ed skupin\u011b WKPP-Woodville Karst Plain Project \u00a0pad\u00e1 definitivn\u00ed rozhodnut\u00ed pou\u017e\u00edvat vzduch jen pro m\u011blk\u00e9 ponory.<\/p>\n Dal\u0161\u00ed hloubky<\/strong><\/p>\n Mary Ellen Eckhoff v\u00a0Nacimiento del Rio Mante dosahuje s\u00a0Trimixem 10\/50<\/p>\n ( 10%Kysl\u00edku,50 % Helia, 40%Dus\u00edku) hloubky 400 stop-122m.<\/p>\n Rok 1989 je velmi \u00fasp\u011b\u0161n\u00fd. Sheck Exley 28.1. prov\u00e1d\u00ed s\u00f3lo ponor v Chip’s Hole Cave System<\/p>\n na vzd\u00e1lenost 10,444 stop- 3,183m od nejbli\u017e\u0161\u00edho vzduchov\u00e9ho prostoru, co\u017e je ve sv\u00e9 dob\u011b rekord co do vzd\u00e1lenosti . Dne 18.3. dosahuje Sheck v\u00a0Mante hloubky 883stop- 269m, co\u017e je nejhlub\u0161\u00ed sestup sv\u00e9 doby . Dal\u0161\u00edm rekordem je dne 12.12.1990 Sheckova explorace v\u00a0d\u00e9lce 10,939 stop-3334m at Cathedral Canyon.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n 80.l\u00e9ta p\u0159in\u00e1\u0161\u00ed zcela nov\u00e9 mo\u017enosti.Posun kup\u0159edu je vid\u011bt a to po v\u0161ech str\u00e1nk\u00e1ch. Um\u011bl\u00e9 d\u00fdchac\u00ed sm\u011bsi se pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed standardn\u011b a za\u010d\u00ednaj\u00ed se roz\u0161i\u0159ovat i do rekrea\u010dn\u00ed oblasti.<\/p>\n T\u00fdmov\u00e1 spolupr\u00e1ce slav\u00ed \u00fasp\u011bchy a projekt Wakulla Billa Stonea lze za\u0159adit jednozna\u010dn\u011b k\u00a0nejpozoruhodn\u011bj\u0161\u00edm akc\u00edm ve sv\u011btov\u00e9m m\u011b\u0159\u00edtku. B\u011bhem tohoto projektu za\u010d\u00edn\u00e1 nov\u00e1 epocha technick\u00e9ho pot\u00e1p\u011bn\u00ed a to je v\u00fdvoj zcela nov\u00e9ho typu elektronicky \u0159\u00edzen\u00e9ho CCR.<\/p>\n V\u00fdvoj brzy ukazuje, \u017ee je to spr\u00e1vn\u00e1 cesta.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n [av_gallery ids=’4578,4579,4580,4581,4582,4583,4584,4585,4586,4587′ style=’thumbnails‘ preview_size=’portfolio‘ crop_big_preview_thumbnail=’avia-gallery-big-crop-thumb‘ thumb_size=’square‘ columns=’4′ imagelink=’lightbox‘ lazyload=’avia_lazyload‘]<\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" MUDr. David Skoumal \u2013\u00a0 ASTD Training Director Florida \u2013 Historie jeskynn\u00edho pot\u00e1p\u011bn\u00ed v\u00a0USA\u00a0 \u010c\u00e1st t\u0159et\u00ed 1985 \u2013 1990 \u00a0 Nov\u00e9 pohledy na v\u00fdpo\u010det dekomprese Polovina 80.let je ve znamen\u00ed nov\u00e9ho know how pro pot\u00e1p\u011bn\u00ed se sm\u011bsemi a nov\u00e9ho pohledu na v\u00fdpo\u010det dekomprese. Z\u00a0Evropy se dost\u00e1v\u00e1 do USA publikace Alberta Buhlmanna o Dekompresi a Dekompresn\u00ed […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":4417,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[20],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-4416","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-jeskyne"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/astd.eu\/pl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4416","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/astd.eu\/pl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/astd.eu\/pl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/astd.eu\/pl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/astd.eu\/pl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=4416"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/astd.eu\/pl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4416\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/astd.eu\/pl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=4416"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/astd.eu\/pl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=4416"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/astd.eu\/pl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=4416"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}